Non-invasive mouthguard biosensor for continuous salivary monitoring of metabolites
Abstract
A wearable mouthguard electrochemical biosensor for salivary metabolites is described. Such non-invasive mouthguard metabolite biosensors provide real-time information regarding a wearer's health, performance and stress level, and thus hold considerable promise for diverse biomedical and fitness applications.
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The mouthguard lactate device is capable of detecting salivary lactate electrochemically in connection to selectivity imparted by the lactate oxidase enzyme; protection against biofouling in undiluted human salivary samples was conferred by electro-polymerized ortho-phenylenediamine (OPD) for continuous, non-invasive physiological monitoring of an individual's fitness state.
“This device is capable of detecting salivary lactate electrochemically in connection to selectivity imparted by the lactate oxidase enzyme; protection against biofouling in undiluted human salivary samples was conferred by electro-polymerized ortho-phenylenediamine (OPD) for continuous, non-invasive physiological monitoring of an individual’s fitness state.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [145]
The authors' group was the first to develop mouthguard-based salivary metabolite electrochemical biosensors through integration of screen-printed enzymatic electrodes.
“Our group (J.K., J.W. et al.)145 was the first to develop mouthguard-based salivary metabolite electrochemical biosensors through integration of screen-printed enzymatic electrodes.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [145]
The chronoamperometric response of lactate in the presence and absence of physiological concentrations of ascorbic acid and UA showed that these potential interferences had a negligible effect upon the lactate response and that the biosensor system provided high selectivity to measure lactate in a noninvasive manner.
“The chronoamperometric response of lactate in the presence and absence of physiological concentrations of ascorbic acid and UA showed that these potential interferences had a negligible effect upon the lactate response and that the biosensor system provided high selectivity to measure lactate in a noninvasive manner.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Researchers incorporated an amperometric enzymatic biosensor in polymeric mouthguards for monitoring salivary lactate and UA concentrations.
“Researchers incorporated an amperometric enzymatic biosensor in polymeric mouthguards for monitoring salivary lactate (Fig. 1a–c) and UA concentrations14 (Fig. 1d, e).”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The mouthguard lactate biosensor displayed a very high sensitivity toward lactate, with current-signals proportional to the lactate concentration.
“Data from chronoamperograms for increasing concentrations of lactate in phosphate-buffered saline medium showed that the biosensor displayed a very high sensitivity toward lactate, with current-signals proportional to the lactate concentration.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The mouthguard lactate biosensor tested favorably to measuring lactate levels in unstimulated human saliva with good linearity and a correlation coefficient of 0.988.
“Furthermore, the biosensor tested favorably to measuring lactate levels in unstimulated human saliva with good linearity and a correlation coefficient of 0.988 (Fig. 1b).”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The mouthguard lactate biosensor demonstrated stability over a similar 2-h period when treated with unspiked human saliva.
“In addition, the biosensor demonstrated stability over a similar 2-h period when treated with unspiked human saliva (Fig. 1c).”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The mouthguard lactate biosensor demonstrated a highly stable response over a 2-h duration.
“Results from the corresponding chronoamperogram demonstrated a highly stable response over a 2-h duration.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Kim, J., Valdés-Ramírez, G., Bandodkar, A. J., Jia, W., Martinez, A. G., Ramírez, J., Mercier, P., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California System (US)
- Department of NanoEngineering
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Joseph
- Venue
- The Analyst
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1632-1636
- ISSN
- 0003-2654 (ISSN-L)
- 1364-5528
- OpenAlex
- W2143180936
- Cited by
- 367
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 9.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Analyst (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization
- Keywords
- mouthguards, wearable biosensors, lactate oxidase, hydrogen peroxide detection, salivary metabolites, non-invasive monitoring, real-time health monitoring, fitness tracking, stress monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Saliva, Time Factors, Biosensing Techniques, Biomarkers, Lactic Acid
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