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Cited by 572Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchSocial and Intergroup PsychologyCritical Race Theory in Education

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Correlates of African American and Latino Parents' Messages to Children About Ethnicity and Race: A Comparative Study of Racial Socialization

Hughes, Diane·2003·American Journal of Community Psychology
DOI 10.1023/a:1023066418688
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Abstract

Recently, social scientists have become increasingly interested in the nature of communications from parents to children regarding ethnicity and race. Termed racial socialization, race‐related messages to children may have important consequences for children's identity development and well‐being. This study examined the frequency and correlates of two dimensions of racial socialization—messages about ethnic pride, history, and heritage (Cultural Socialization) and messages about discrimination and racial bias (Preparation for Bias)—among 273 urban African American, Puerto Rican, and Dominican parents. Parents reported more frequent Cultural Socialization than Preparation for Bias. There were no significant ethnic group differences in the frequency of Cultural Socialization. However, African American parents reported more frequent Preparation for Bias than did Dominican parents who, in turn, reported more frequent messages of this sort than did Puerto Rican parents. Ethnic identity was a stronger predictor of Cultural Socialization among Puerto Rican and Dominican parents than among their African American counterparts. In contrast, perceived discrimination experiences was a stronger predictor of Preparation for Bias among African American and Dominican parents than among Puerto Rican parents. Finally, race‐related phenomenon accounted for more variance in both Cultural Socialization and Preparation for Bias among parents reporting on their behaviors with children 10–17 years old as compared to parents reporting on their behaviors with children 6–9 years old.

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Crossref · 10.1023/a:1023066418688

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39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • African American youth tend to receive mainstream culture messages more often than Latino youth.

    “Additionally, African American youth tend to receive messages about the mainstream culture more frequently than do Latino youth (Hughes, 2003).”

    From Cultural Socialization Across Contexts: Family–Peer Congruence and Adolescent Well-Being (2016) · cites this paper as Hughes, 2003

  • The study controls for gender, socioeconomic status, family structure, race/ethnicity, and immigrant status.

    “Informed by these demographic variations, we include adolescent gender, socioeconomic status, family structure, race/ethnicity, and immigrant status as control variables in the present study.”

    From Cultural Socialization Across Contexts: Family–Peer Congruence and Adolescent Well-Being (2016) · cites this paper as Hughes, 2003

  • Racial socialization has been described as the primary practice African American families and communities use to help children cope with race-related issues such as discrimination.

    “Racial socialization-the implicit, explicit, purposeful, and unintended ways that parents' beliefs and behaviors convey views about race to children-has been cited as the primary practice utilized by African American families and communities to assist children in coping with race-related issues such as discrimination (Hughes, 2003).”

    From Perceived Racial Discrimination and Self-Esteem in African American Youth: Racial Socialization as a Protective Factor (2007) · cites this paper as Hughes, 2003

Citations

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Ou Y. S., 1993, Ethnicity: Strength in diversity, 245­270
  2. Williams D. R., 1999, Self, social identity, and physical health: Interdisciplinary explorations, 71­100

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Metadata

Authors
Hughes, D.
Affiliations
New York University (US)
Corresponding author
Hughes, Diane
ORCID
Hughes, Diane
Venue
American Journal of Community Psychology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2003-03
Volume
31
Issue
1-2
Pages
15-33
ISSN
  • 0091-0562 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2770
DOI
10.1023/a:1023066418688
OpenAlex
W2128089636
Cited by
572
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 29
FWCI
27.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • American Journal of Community Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
Keywords
racial socialization, ethnic identity, African American parents, Latino parents, cultural socialization, preparation for bias, ethnic pride, perceived discrimination, parent-child communication, child age differences, urban households
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Attitude, Black or African American, Child, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Ethnicity, Family, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Prejudice, Socialization, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Population, Parenting

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