The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 41 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions
Open accessAbstract
Positive emotions are hypothesized to undo the cardiovascular aftereffects of negative emotions. Study 1 tests this undoing effect. Participants (n = 170) experiencing anxiety-induced cardiovascular reactivity viewed a film that elicited (a) contentment, (b) amusement, (c) neutrality, or (d) sadness. Contentment-eliciting and amusing films produced faster cardiovascular recovery than neutral or sad films did. Participants in Study 2 (n = 185) viewed these same films following a neutral state. Results disconfirm the alternative explanation that the undoing effect reflects a simple replacement process. Findings are contextualized by Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (B. L. Fredrickson, 1998).
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the undoing effect occurs comparably for African Americans and European Americans.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contentment-eliciting and amusing films produced faster cardiovascular recovery than neutral or sad films did.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“faster recovery than those who viewed the sad clip, t(91) = 2.55, p = .006”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Duration of Cardiovascular Reactivity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those who viewed the amusement clip exhibited faster recovery than those who viewed the neutral clip, t(91) = 1.66, p = .050”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Duration of Cardiovascular Reactivity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“faster recovery than those who viewed the sad clip, t(91) = 2.68, p = .004”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Duration of Cardiovascular Reactivity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results disconfirm the alternative explanation that the undoing effect reflects a simple replacement process.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those who viewed the amusement clip exhibited faster recovery than those who viewed the neutral clip, t(72) = 1.78, p = .039”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Duration of Cardiovascular Reactivity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a priori contrasts confirmed that those who viewed the contentment clip exhibited faster recovery than those who viewed the neutral clip, t(91) = 1.79, p = .038”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Duration of Cardiovascular Reactivity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the undoing effect is not limited to women, but occurs for men as well.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those who viewed the contentment clip exhibited faster recovery than those who viewed the neutral clip, t(72) = 2.43, p = .008”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Duration of Cardiovascular Reactivity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For Sample 1, mean anxiety ratings were 4.79 (SD = 2.16).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Responses to the Speech Preparation Task
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These anxiety ratings did not differ by sex.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Responses to the Speech Preparation Task
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Sample 2, across all participants, the mean duration of cardiovascular reactivity was 37.78 s (SD = 35.88).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Duration of Cardiovascular Reactivity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For Sample 2, mean anxiety ratings were 4.96 (SD = 2.10), and did not differ by sex or ethnicity.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Responses to the Speech Preparation Task
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial analyses of duration scores for individual cardiovascular measures revealed supportive trends across all measures, but no significant effects.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Duration of Cardiovascular Reactivity
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We first confirmed that the speech preparation task successfully induced anxiety and cardiovascular reactivity”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Overview of Analytic Strategy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no main effects for, or interactions with, Sex or Ethnicity emerged.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Duration of Cardiovascular Reactivity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Sample 1, across all participants, the mean duration of cardiovascular reactivity was 30.08 s (SD = 25.80).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Duration of Cardiovascular Reactivity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No main effects for, or interactions with, Sex or Ethnicity were significant.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Duration of Cardiovascular Reactivity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emotion ratings did not differ by sex or ethnicity in either sample.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Manipulation Check
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In neither context have we observed any differences in RSA responses across experimental conditions.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > GENERAL DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tukey pairwise comparisons (reported in row 1 of Table II) confirmed that rating dial responses to both the Waves and the Puppy films were more positive than those to both the Sticks and the Cry films.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Manipulation Check
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, data from Study 2 demonstrated that althogh the selected positive and neutral films clearly differed in the subjective responses they produced, they did not differ in the cardiovascular responses they produced.”
- Also stated in: § Is Replacement a Viable Alternative Explanation? · hedged
“These null findings suggest that positive and neutral films produced statistically indistinguishable cardiovascular responses.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Is Replacement a Viable Alternative Explanation? · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beyond the expected effect for Film Group, F(3, 169) = 51.25,p < .001,no main effects for, or interactions with, Sex or Ethnicity were significant.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Manipulation Check
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the undoing effect has now been demonstrated experimentally three times for two distinct types of positive emotion: a low-activation pleasant state of contentment and a higher-activation pleasant state of amusement.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most important, data from Study 1 indicate that the undoing effect of positive emotions is not a spurious finding, but is instead replicable and real.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“people experiencing positive emotions show patterns of thought that are significantly broadened and diverse (Isen, Johnson, Mertz, & Robinson, 1985), flexible (Isen & Daubman, 1984), creative (Isen, Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987), integrative (Isen, Rosenzweig, & Young, 1991), open to information (Estrada, Isen, & Young, 1997), and efficient (Isen & Means, 1983;Isen et al., 1991).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Abstract
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This evidence suggests that these two positive emotions-although distinct in their phenomenology and activation level-share the ability to regulate lingering negative emotional arousal.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If we take the cardiovascular activation that accompanies negative emotions to be the body's preparation for specific action, then by quelling this activation, positive emotions may help the body move from a (no longer useful) narrow thought-action repertoire toward a broader one, allowing the individual to pursue a wider array of thoughts and actions.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Cardiovascular reactivity sparked by certain negative emotions prepares the body for specific actions.
In the paper
“Moreover, laboratory evidence showing that both contentment and amusement can undo lingering negative emotional arousal provides footing for the suggestion that individuals can harness the undoing effect of positive emotions to regulate negative emotions in daily life (Fredrickson, 2000).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson, 2000 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Negative emotions are thought to promote survival in the moment of threat by sparking specific, lifepreserving actions, whereas positive emotions may promote survival over the long run by incrementing the resources that could be drawn on when facing later, inevitable threats (Fredrickson, 1998).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson, 1998
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One shortcoming of the Fredrickson-Levenson experiment was that the pattern of cardiovascular reactivity elicited by the fear clip included heart rate deceleration, and so was not the typical sympathetic response associated with fear, anxiety, and other health-damaging negative emotions.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > OVERVIEW OF STUDIES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If positive emotions broaden individuals' thought-action repertoires, they should also serve as particularly efficient antidotes for the lingering effects of negative emotions, which narrow individuals' thought-action repertoires.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > POSITIVE EMOTIONS AND NEGATIVE EMOTION REGULATION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the undoing explanation: that the cardiovascular effects of positive emotions emerge only when features of negative emotions are present to be undone.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > OVERVIEW OF STUDIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these cardiovascular changes include heart rate acceleration and a clear pattern of sympathetic activation (e.g., increased blood pressure and peripheral vasoconstriction).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Cardiovascular Reactivity.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The broadened thought-action repertoires accompanying positive emotions are thought to be important because they can build a variety of enduring personal resources (Fredrickson, 1998, in press-a).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson, 1998
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Being playful, for instance, can build physical resources (Boulton & Smith, 1992), social resources (Aron, Norman, Aron, McKenna, & Heyman, 2000;Lee, 1983), and intellectual resources (Leslie, 1987;Panksepp, 1998).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Abstract
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to this view, positive emotions have a unique ability to down-regulate lingering negative emotions and the psychological and physiological preparation for specific action that they generate.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > POSITIVE EMOTIONS AND NEGATIVE EMOTION REGULATION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In other words, positive emotions might”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > POSITIVE EMOTIONS AND NEGATIVE EMOTION REGULATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998 source
- Not checked yetcites Levenson, 1988
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the broaden-and-build theory suggests that positive emotions speed recovery from-or undo-this cardiovascular reactivity and return the body to mid-range levels of activation more suitable for pursuing a range of behavioral options.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > POSITIVE EMOTIONS AND NEGATIVE EMOTION REGULATION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Cardiovascular reactivity sparked by certain negative emotions prepares the body for specific actions.
In the paper
“Isen has suggested that positive emotions produce a”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isen, 1990
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Earlier research on motivation (Solomon, 1980), anxiety disorders (Wolpe, 1958), and aggression (Baron, 1976) demonstrated key incompatibilities between negative and positive affect.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > POSITIVE EMOTIONS AND NEGATIVE EMOTION REGULATION
What the sources say
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perhaps positive emotions do not themselves generate cardiovascular reactivity, but instead quell any existing cardiovascular reactivity caused by negative emotions.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > POSITIVE EMOTIONS AND NEGATIVE EMOTION REGULATION
Tests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individuals who express or report higher levels of positive emotion show more constructive and flexible coping, more abstract and long-term thinking, and greater emotional distance following stressful negative events (Keltner & Bonanno, 1997;Martin, Kuiper, Olinger, & Dance, 1993;Lyubomirsky & Tucker, 1998;Stein, Folkman, Trabasso, & Richards, 1997).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > GENERAL DISCUSSION
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Immediately following this resting baseline phase, participants (blocked by sex and ethnicity) were randomly assigned to view the Waves, Puppy, Sticks, or Cry film.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Procedure
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This effect may be especially critical for those most at risk for developing coronary heart disease.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > GENERAL DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, Studies 1 and 2 suggest that positive emotions are unique, not in what they do to the cardiovascular system, but rather in what they can undo within this system.”
- Also stated in: § GENERAL DISCUSSION · hedged
“Put differently, the cardiovascular effects of positive emotions appear to emerge only when negative emotions have already generated cardiovascular reactivity.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > GENERAL DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § GENERAL DISCUSSION · hedged
In the paper
“By consequence, positive emotions could be tapped to optimize people's health and well-being (Fredrickson, 2000).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > GENERAL DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson, 2000 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“we concur with other theorists that personally relevant circumstances that elicit negative emotions should reliably interrupt people's actions and capture their attention, both psychologically and physiologically (Levenson, 1994;Mandler, 1984;Pratto & John, 1991;Simon, 1967;Tomkins, 1995).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > GENERAL DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Levenson, 1994
- Not checked yetcites Mandler, 1984
- Not checked yetcites Pratto & John, 1991 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For these participants, random assignment to experimental condition across Studies 1 and 2 was yoked such that no participant viewed the same film clip across the two studies.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Chief among these is that experiences of positive emotions are thought to build individuals' lasting personal resources.”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > GENERAL DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson, 1998
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Validity data for this affect rating dial procedure can be found in Gottman and Levenson (1985;see Fredrickson & Kahneman, 1993, for a similar on-line affect rating procedure).”
§ The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions > On-Line Affect Report
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Cardiovascular reactivity sparked by certain negative emotions prepares the body for specific actions.
“Assuming (as most emotion theorists do) that the cardiovascular reactivity sparked by certain negative emotions prepares the body for specific actions”
The paper relies on this without support.
Men and African Americans are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease and have exhibited greater cardiovascular reactivity to negative emotions.
“Men and African Americans are important to study because these groups are known to be at greater risk for cardiovascular disease and have exhibited greater cardiovascular”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Those in the two negative emotion conditions also named fewer things than did those in the neutral control condition (Fredrickson & Branigan, 2000).”
From The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. (2001) · cites this paper as Fredrickson & Branigan, 2000
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In the laboratory, film clips eliciting positive emotions were associated with faster cardiovascular recovery from a stressful situation than neutral or sad films 71.”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“A number of studies indicate that positive emotions protect psychological health by undoing or buffering against the effects of stress.”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“For example, positive emotions down-regulate the physiological and psychological effects of negative emotions22–25”
From Upregulating the positive affect system in anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a positive activity intervention: Taylor et al. (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“positive emotions mitigate negative responses to stressors that often fuel anxiety and depression.(38, 68, 69)”
In the citing paper
“I have shown that positive emotions (a) broaden people's thought–action repertoires (Fredrickson & Branigan, 2000)”
From The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. (2001) · cites this paper as Fredrickson & Branigan, 2000
In the citing paper
“Participants in the two positive emotions conditions (joy and contentment) identified more things that they would like to do right then relative to those in the two negative emotion conditions (fear and anger) and, more important, relative to those in the neutral control condition.”
From The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. (2001) · cites this paper as Fredrickson & Branigan, 2000
In the citing paper
“These findings provide initial empirical footing for the hypothesis, drawn from the broaden-and-build theory, that distinct types of positive emotions serve to broaden people's momentary thought–action repertoires, whereas distinct types of negative emotions serve to narrow these same repertoires.”
From The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. (2001) · cites this paper as Fredrickson & Branigan, 2000
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Not confirmedt(91) = 1.79reported p = .038 · recomputed p = .077
“t(91) = 1.79, p = .038”
- Not confirmedt(91) = 2.68reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .009
“t(91) = 2.68, p = .004”
- Not confirmedt(91) = 1.66reported p = .05 · recomputed p = .100
“t(91) = 1.66, p = .050”
- Not confirmedt(91) = 2.55reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .012
“t(91) = 2.55, p = .006”
- Not confirmedt(72) = 2.43reported p = .008 · recomputed p = .018
“t(72) = 2.43, p = .008”
- Not confirmedt(72) = 1.78reported p = .039 · recomputed p = .079
“t(72) = 1.78, p = .039”
- ConsistentF(1, 91) = 5.38reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .023
“F(1, 91) = 5.38, p < .05”
- ConsistentF(3, 81) = 3.4reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .022
“F(3, 81) = 3.40, p < .05”
- Consistentχ²(3) = 9.89reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .020
“χ 2 (3) = 9.89, p < .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 63) = 3.29reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .044
“F(2, 63) = 3.29, p < .05”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 5.88reported p = .05 · recomputed p = .053
“χ 2 (2) = 5.88, p = .05”
- ConsistentF(3, 169) = 51.25reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(3, 169) = 51.25,p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 169) = 6.23reported p = .014 · recomputed p = .014
“F(1, 169) = 6.23, p = .014”
- ConsistentF(3, 169) = 3.09reported p = .029 · recomputed p = .029
“F(3, 169) = 3.09, p = .029”
- ConsistentF(3, 169) = 3.64reported p = .014 · recomputed p = .014
“F(3, 169) = 3.64, p = .014”
- ConsistentF(3, 169) = 3.06reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .030
“F(3, 169) = 3.06, p = .030”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
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(1990)
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 61 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
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Self-citationResilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back From Negative Emotional Experiences.
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Self-citationPositive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought‐action repertoires
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930441000238 · Cited by 3,521
Self-citationFredrickson, B. L. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218 · Cited by 18,025
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fredrickson, Barbara L.
- Venue
- Motivation and Emotion
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 237-258
- ISSN
- 0146-7239 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6644
- PMC
- PMC3128334
- OpenAlex
- W2146844405
- Semantic Scholar
- b4c475d7af426b486d2cc1f34090870f44f70b48
- Cited by
- 1,290
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 9.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Motivation and Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH059615)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- positive emotions, cardiovascular reactivity, anxiety, cardiovascular recovery, contentment, amusements, sadness, broaden-and-build theory, emotion regulation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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