Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange.
Abstract
Thirty married couples were studied during naturalistic interactions to determine the extent to which variation in marital satisfaction could be accounted for by physiological and affective patterns between and within spouses. The authors hypothesized that (a) compared to nondistressed couples' interactions, distressed couples' interactions would show greater physiological interrelatedness or "linkage," more negative affect, and more reciprocity of negative affect and (b) these differences would be more pronounced when the interaction was high in conflict (discussing a marital problem) as opposed to low in conflict (discussing the events of the day). Heart rate, skin conductance, pulse transmission time, and somatic activity from both spouses were analyzed using bivariate time-series techniques to derive a measure of physiological linkage. Self-report affective data (obtained using a video-recall procedure) were analyzed using sequential analyses to derive a measure of affect reciprocity. The hypotheses were strongly supported; 60% of the variance in marital satisfaction was accounted for using measures of physiological linkage alone. Additional nonredundant variance was accounted for by the other physiological and affective measures.
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One study showed that 60% of the variance in marital dissatisfaction was accounted for by stronger physiologic linkage between partners during conflict.
“For example, one study showed that 60% of the variance in marital dissatisfaction was accounted for by stronger physiologic linkage between partners during conflict (Levenson and Gottman, 1983).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman, 1983
Physiological synchrony does not necessarily reflect a positive evaluation of the interaction.
“While in some studies physiological synchrony was found to be related to positive affect (Chanel et al. 2012; Danyluck and Page‐Gould 2018), empathy (Chatel‐Goldman et al. 2014), and group cohesion (Gordon et al. 2020), others observed a positive relationship between physiological synchrony and negative affect (Wilson et al. 2018) or distress in couples (Levenson and Gottman 1983), suggesting that”
From Interpersonal Physiological Synchrony During Dyadic Joint Action Is Increased by Task Novelty and Reduced by Social Anxiety (2025) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman 1983
Autonomic mimicry can occur without any direct physical contact.
“Interestingly, autonomic mimicry can also occur without any direct physical contact (Levenson and Gottman, 1983;Palumbo et al., 2016).”
From Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion (2017) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman, 1983
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“Based on procedures adapted from Levenson and Gottman (1983), the experimenter (blind to condition assignment) then asked partners several questions about this topic ‘to get some concrete thoughts and ideas out there so that you two, without my involvement, can discuss this topic of disagreement…”
MethodPalkovitz, R. J., & Sussman, M. B. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315791654 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective.
Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Phillips, D. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.5.899 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Emotion regulation predicts marital satisfaction: More than a wives’ tale.
Bloch, L., Haase, C. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034272 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
“…emotion experienced and expressed during marital interaction; Carstensen, Gottman, & Levenson, 1995; Gottman, Coan, Carrere, & Swanson, 1998; Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985; Matthews, Wickrama, & Conger, 1996; Waldinger, Schulz, Hauser, Allen, & Crowell, 2004), emotional self-awareness…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDutton, D. G., & Corvo, K. (2006) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2006.01.007 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
“Using techniques for assessing marital interaction that originated with Levenson and Gottman (1983) and assessed three dimensions of marital interaction, positive–negative affect, reciprocity and asymmetry, a University of Washington study focused marital interaction techniques on domestic violence.”
BackgroundMethodCoherence between expressive and experiential systems in emotion
Rosenberg, E. L., & Ekman, P. (1994) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939408408938 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Prevention of marital distress: A longitudinal investigation.
Markman, H. J., Floyd, F. J., Stanley, S. M., & Storaasli, R. D. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.2.210 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Marital quality and gender differences in parent-child interaction.
Kerig, P. K., Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.6.931 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
The role of differentiation of self in marital adjustment.
Skowron, E. A. (2000) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.2.229 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Marital discord and immunity in males.
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Kennedy, S., Malkoff, S. B., Fisher, L. D., Speicher, C. E., & Glaser, R. (1988) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198805000-00001 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“Levenson RW, Gottman JM: Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange.”
BackgroundA valid procedure for obtaining self-report of affect in marital interaction.
Gottman, J. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.53.2.151 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationA valid procedure for obtaining self-report of affect in marital interaction.
Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.53.2.151 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationFlexible emotional responsiveness in trait resilience
Waugh, C. E., Thompson, R. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021786 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“Continuous affective rating— Participants rated their affect continuously throughout the task with a rating dial (Waugh, Fredrickson, et al., 2008), a modification of previously validated continuous affective rating procedures (Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Fredrickson & Kahneman, 1993).”
MethodMarital Research in the 20th Century and a Research Agenda for the 21st Century
Gottman, J. M., & Notarius, C. I. (2002) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.41203.x · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Self-citationTsai, J. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022197285006 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationMikulincer, M., Florian, V., Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (2002) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.41309.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“Although significant correlations between self-reports and observations are consistently found, it is rare that one measure explains more than 25% of the variance in the other (cf. Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundAffective and physiological responses to the suffering of others: Compassion and vagal activity.
Stellar, J. E., Cohen, A., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000010 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“We relied on a technique pioneered by Levenson and Gottman (1983) wherein participants re-watch an emotional stimulus a second time while continuously rating with a rating dial the emotions they experienced in the original encounter with the stimulus.”
InfluentialThe many faces of emotional contagion
Elfenbein, H. (2014) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386614542889 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“From the marital literature, Levenson and Gottman (1983) found that satisfied couples were less likely to catch their partners’ negative affect.”
Timmons, A. C., Margolin, G., & Saxbe, D. E. (2015) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000115 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
“Out of 17 tests, 13 significant (e.g., Hasler & Troxel, 2010; Helm et al., 2012, 2014; Hubler, 2013; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Liu et al., 2013; Saxbe & Repetti, 2010; Schneiderman et al., 2014) and four nonsignificant effects (Levenson & Gottman, 1985; Reed et al., 2013; Sauder, 2001; Thomsen &…”
InfluentialIn and out of synchrony—Behavioral and physiological dynamics of dyadic interpersonal coordination
Mayo, O., & Gordon, I. (2020) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13574 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
“This has been acknowledged especially in the fields of emotional and physiological synchrony (e.g., Gates, GatzkeKopp, Sandsten, & Blandon, 2015; Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundBARNETT, R. C., Marshall, N. L., Raudenbush, S. W., & Brennan, R. T. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.5.794 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Reconceptualizing Emotion Regulation
Campos, J. J., Walle, E. A., Dahl, A., & Main, A. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910380975 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
The marital context of depression: research, limitations, and new directions
Rehman, U. S., Gollan, J., & Mortimer, A. R. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.04.007 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“First, studies reveal that physiological measures of affect account for a significant amount of variance in couples' satisfaction scores, above and beyond the variance accounted for by the behavioral and behavioral/affective codes (e.g., Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985).”
BackgroundGottman, J. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2002) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.40102000083.x · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial psychophysiology and emotion : theory and clinical applications
Wagner, H. L. (1988) · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Coherence between emotional experience and physiology: Does body awareness training have an impact?
Sze, J. A., Gyurak, A., Yuan, J. W., & Levenson, R. W. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020146 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
“…marital interactions, we developed a rating dial methodology for obtaining continuous ratings of subjective emotional experience (Gottman & Levenson, 1985; Levenson & Gottman, 1983) that we subsequently adopted to obtain continuous ratings of subjective emotional experience (Mauss et al., 2005).”
MethodSelf-citationStress Contagion: Physiological Covariation Between Mothers and Infants
Waters, S. F., West, T. V., & Mendes, W. B. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613518352 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“In a seminal study, physiological linkage in married couples during a conflict conversation was a significant predictor of self-reported marital dissatisfaction in both partners (Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
Pace-Schott, E. F., Amole, M. C., Aue, T., Balconi, M., Bylsma, L. M., Critchley, H., Demaree, H. A., Friedman, B. H., Gooding, A. E. K., Gosseries, O., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“For example, one study showed that 60% of the variance in marital dissatisfaction was accounted for by stronger physiologic linkage between partners during conflict (Levenson and Gottman, 1983).”
Test of an argumentative skill deficiency model of interspousal violence
Infante, D. A., Chandler, T. A., & Rudd, J. E. (1989) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637758909390257 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Waugh, C. E., Fredrickson, B. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.005 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“…M anuscript Continuous affective rating and recovery—Participants rated their affect continuously throughout the task with a rating dial (Mauss et al., 2005), a modification of previously validated continuous affective rating procedures (Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Fredrickson & Kahneman, 1993).”
MethodMarital conflict and endocrine function: Are men really more physiologically affected than women?
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Newton, T. L., Cacioppo, J. T., MacCallum, R. C., Glaser, R., & Malarkey, W. B. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.2.324 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“In three reports, the researchers did not compare the magnitude of wives' and husbands' physiological changes during conflict or assess relationships between behavior during conflict and physiological data (Levenson et al., 1994; Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985).”
BackgroundStrategic regulation of empathy
Weisz, E., & Cikara, M. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.12.002 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Love and the commitment problem in romantic relations and friendship.
Gonzaga, G. C., Keltner, D., Londahl, E. A., & Smith, M. D. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.247 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Emotional Labor Dynamics: A Momentary Approach
Gabriel, A. S., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.1135 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FAMILY INTERVENTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF PHYSICAL ILLNESS
Campbell, T. L., & Patterson, J. M. (1995) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1995.tb00178.x · Cited by 198 · see citing works
- Authors
- Levenson, R. W., & Gottman, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- ORCID
- Levenson, Robert W.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1983
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 587-597
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2143250836
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 8.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Marriage and Sexual Relationships
- Keywords
- marital interaction, marital satisfaction, marital distress, marital conflict, heart rate, skin conductance, somatic activity
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Behavior, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Marriage, Motor Activity, Psychophysiology, Pulse
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