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Cited by 3,325Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsRisk Perception and ManagementPsychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment

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Fear, anger, and risk.

Lerner, Jennifer S., Keltner, Dacher·2001·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146
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Abstract

Drawing on an appraisal-tendency framework (J. S. Lerner & D. Keltner, 2000), the authors predicted and found that fear and anger have opposite effects on risk perception. Whereas fearful people expressed pessimistic risk estimates and risk-averse choices, angry people expressed optimistic risk estimates and risk-seeking choices. These opposing patterns emerged for naturally occurring and experimentally induced fear and anger. Moreover, estimates of angry people more closely resembled those of happy people than those of fearful people. Consistent with predictions, appraisal tendencies accounted for these effects: Appraisals of certainty and control moderated and (in the case of control) mediated the emotion effects. As a complement to studies that link affective valence to judgment outcomes, the present studies highlight multiple benefits of studying specific emotions.

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Metadata

Authors
Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D.
Affiliations
Carnegie Mellon University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2001
Volume
81
Issue
1
Pages
146-159
ISSN
  • 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1315
DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146
OpenAlex
W2124911764
Cited by
3,325
References
14
Citations by year
2026: 148 · 2025: 160 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 195 · 2022: 211 · 2021: 219 · 2020: 208 · 2019: 204 · 2018: 150 · 2017: 176 · 2016: 171 · 2015: 174 · 2014: 160 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 140
FWCI
20.78
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (MH15750, T32MH015750)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
Keywords
fear, anger, risk perception, risk-taking, emotional valence, optimism, pessimism, emotion and judgment, happiness
MeSH terms
Adult, Anger, Choice Behavior, Decision Making, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk, Risk-Taking, United States

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