The DOI matches its Crossref record; 149 of the 149 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Affect is considered by most contempo-rary theories to be postcognitive, that is, to occur only after considerable cognitive operations have been ac-complished. Yet a number of experimental results on preferences, attitudes, impression formation, and de-_ cision making, as well as some clinical phenomena, suggest that affective judgments may be fairly inde-pendent of, and precede in time, the sorts of percep-tual and cognitive operations commonly assumed to be the basis of these affective judgments. Affective re-actions to stimuli are often the very first reactions of the organism, and for lower organisms they are the dominant reactions. Affective reactions can occur without extensive perceptual and cognitive encoding, are made with greater confidence than cognitive judg-
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Affective reactions are generated quickly and automatically (Bargh et al., 1992; Zajonc, 1980), and guide how people attend to, encode, and interpret various events (Baumeister & Newman, 1994).”
From Everyone I Don’t Like Is Biased: Affective Evaluations and the Bias Blind Spot (2026) · cites this paper as Zajonc, 1980
In the citing paper
“Affective impressions are generated quickly and automatically (Bargh et al., 1992; Zajonc, 1980) and play a central role in human judgment (Lerner et al., 2015; Loewenstein et al., 2001; Slovic et al., 2007).”
From Everyone I Don’t Like Is Biased: Affective Evaluations and the Bias Blind Spot (2026) · cites this paper as Zajonc, 1980
In the citing paper
“There is also evidence that basic affective reactions can be triggered unconsciously by subliminal stimuli in ordinary humans, and can remain unreportable as feelings even when they go on to change a person’s behavior and subsequent judgments (Zajonc, 1980; Fischman and Foltin, 1992; Berridge and Winkielman, 2003; Winkielman and Berridge, 2004; Winkielman et al., 2005).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Zajonc, 1980
In the citing paper
“But subliminal expressions do induce a valenced affective reaction in human viewers: positive to smiling faces and negative to angry faces (Zajonc, 1980).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Zajonc, 1980
Citations
Cites
Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609220.014 · Cited by 32,720
The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317
Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x · Cited by 9,566
REMEMBERING: A STUDY IN EXPERIMENTAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Bartlett, F. C., & Burt, C. (1933) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1933.tb02913.x · Cited by 7,475
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure
Zajonc, R. B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025848 · Cited by 6,745
Self-citationCognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046234 · Cited by 6,223
Neisser, U. (1976) · Cited by 4,903
The growth of logical thinking: From childhood to adolescence.
Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958) · Basic Books · doi:10.1037/10034-000 · Cited by 4,607
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,042
Tesser, A., Millar, M. G., & Moore, J. S. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.1.49 · Cited by 573
What does the Schema Concept Buy us?
Fiske, S. T., & Linville, P. W. (1980) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616728064006 · Cited by 573
Equilibrium Theory Revisited: Mutual Gaze and Personal Space in Virtual Environments
Bailenson, J. N., Blascovich, J., Beall, A. C., & Loomis, J. M. (2001) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474601753272844 · Cited by 573
Narcissism beyond Gestalt and awareness: The name letter effect
Nuttin, J. M. (1985) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420150309 · Cited by 572
Attitude-Behavior Consistency: The Impact of Product Trial versus Advertising
Smith, R. E., & Swinyard, W. R. (1983) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151829 · Cited by 570
Maia, T. V., & McClelland, J. L. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0406666101 · Cited by 568
A Dark Side of Happiness? How, When, and Why Happiness Is Not Always Good
Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., & Tamir, M. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611406927 · Cited by 561
Conrey, F. R., Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Hugenberg, K., & Groom, C. J. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.469 · Cited by 560
Teper, R., Segal, Z. V., & Inzlicht, M. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721413495869 · Cited by 554
Warmth in Advertising: Measurement, Impact, and Sequence Effects
Aaker, D. A., Stayman, D. M., & Hagerty, M. R. (1986) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/208524 · Cited by 554
SOCIAL CONTEXT OF PERFORMANCE EVALUATION DECISIONS.
Judge, T. A., & Ferris, G. R. (1993) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256513 · Cited by 553
Emotion and Rationality: A Critical Review and Interpretation of Empirical Evidence
Pham, M. T. (2007) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.11.2.155 · Cited by 552
Neuropsychological mechanisms of individual differences in emotion, personality, and arousal.
Heller, W. (1993) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.7.4.476 · Cited by 548
Self-Labeling Processes in Mental Illness: The Role of Emotional Deviance
Thoits, P. A. (1985) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/228276 · Cited by 547
Lothian, A. (1999) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/s0169-2046(99)00019-5 · Cited by 544
"Unlearning" automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes.
Rudman, L. A., Ashmore, R. D., & Gary, M. L. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.856 · Cited by 544
Whittlesea, B. W. A., Jacoby, L. L., & Girard, K. (1990) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(90)90045-2 · Cited by 542
Emotion and autobiographical memory
Holland, A. C., & Kensinger, E. A. (2010) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2010.01.006 · Cited by 540
The cultural construction of self and emotion: Implications for social behavior.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2004) · Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. · doi:10.1037/10152-003 · Cited by 540
Theories of emotion causation: A review
Moors, A. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802645739 · Cited by 543
Affect Monitoring and the Primacy of Feelings in Judgment
Pham, M. T., Cohen, J. B., Pracejus, J. W., & Hughes, G. D. (2001) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/322896 · Cited by 536
Problems for Judgment and Decision Making
Hastie, R. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.653 · Cited by 536
Reconciling Efficient Markets with Behavioral Finance: The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis
Lo, A. W. (2005) · Cited by 536
Knowledge and Appraisal in the Cognition—Emotion Relationship
Lazarus, R. S., & Smith, C. A. (1988) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938808412701 · Cited by 531
A Field Investigation of Causal Relations among Cognitions, Affect, Intentions, and Behavior
Bagozzi, R. P. (1982) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378201900415 · Cited by 529
Huang, L., & Pearce, J. L. (2015) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001839215597270 · Cited by 530
A Cybernetic Theory of Stress, Coping, and Well-Being in Organizations
Edwards, J. R. (1992) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1992.4279536 · Cited by 527
When less is more: Counterfactual thinking and satisfaction among Olympic medalists.
Medvec, V. H., Madey, S. F., & Gilovich, T. D. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.603 · Cited by 526
Social Information Processing in Aggressive and Depressed Children
Quiggle, N. L., Garber, J., Panak, W. F., & Dodge, K. A. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01696.x · Cited by 525
Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Raymond, P., & Hymes, C. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1996.0005 · Cited by 524
The Effect of Brand Portfolio Characteristics on Consumer Evaluations of Brand Extensions
Dacin, P. A., & Smith, D. C. (1994) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224379403100207 · Cited by 519
Motivational Considerations in the Study of Instruction
Lepper, M. R. (1988) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0504_3 · Cited by 518
Understanding subjective well-being: perspectives from psychology and public health
Das, K., Jones-Harrell, C., Fan, Y., Ramaswami, A., Orlove, B., & Botchwey, N. D. (2020) · Public health reviews · doi:10.1186/s40985-020-00142-5 · Cited by 515
Recognizing people from their movement.
Loula, F., Prasad, S., Harber, K. D., & Shiffrar, M. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.210 · Cited by 513
The nature of psychological reactance revisited: A meta-analytic review
Rains, S. A. (2013) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01443.x · Cited by 511
The mechanics of trust: A framework for research and design
Riegelsberger, J., Sasse, M. A., & McCarthy, J. D. (2005) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.01.001 · Cited by 508
Moral Awareness in Business Organizations: Influences of Issue-Related and Social Context Factors
Butterfield, K. D., Trevin, L. K., & Weaver, G. R. (2000) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726700537004 · Cited by 508
Alternative Approaches to Understanding the Determinants of Typicality
Loken, B., & Ward, J. C. (1990) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/208542 · Cited by 502
Reward Circuitry Activation by Noxious Thermal Stimuli
Becerra, L. R., Breiter, H. C., Wise, R. A., González, R., & Borsook, D. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00533-5 · Cited by 501
The sentimental citizen: emotion in democratic politics
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-3068 · Cited by 501
The Need for Affect: Individual Differences in the Motivation to Approach or Avoid Emotions
Maio, G. R., & Esses, V. M. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.694156 · Cited by 499
Kim, Y. J., Njite, D., & Hancer, M. (2013) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.04.004 · Cited by 372
The feeling body: affective science meets the enactive mind
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.52-0767 · Cited by 498
Kahneman, D. J., & Frederick, S. (2005) · Cited by 497
The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science
McDermott, R. (2004) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592704040459 · Cited by 495
How to Capture the Heart? Reviewing 20 Years of Emotion Measurement in Advertising
Poels, K., & Dewitte, S. (2006) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2139/ssrn.944401 · Cited by 495
Schwartz, G. E., Weinberger, D. A., & Singer, J. A. (1981) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198108000-00007 · Cited by 492
Kühl, J. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 491
Can Mixed Emotions Peacefully Coexist?
Williams, P., & Aaker, J. L. (2002) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/338206 · Cited by 488
A Study of the Relationships between Cognitive Appraisals and Consumption Emotions
Nyer, P. U. (1997) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1177/0092070397254002 · Cited by 483
Numeracy, Ratio Bias, and Denominator Neglect in Judgments of Risk and Probability
Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (2008) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.03.011 · Cited by 481
Non-consumptive wildlife-oriented recreation: A conceptual framework
Duffus, D. A., & Dearden, P. (1990) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/0006-3207(90)90087-6 · Cited by 481
Dodge, K. A., & Somberg, D. R. (1987) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1987.tb03501.x · Cited by 480
Rivis, A., Sheeran, P., & Armitage, C. J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00558.x · Cited by 479
Social Influence Network Theory
Friedkin, N. E., & Johnsen, E. C. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976735 · Cited by 477
Construct accessibility and depression: An examination of cognitive and affective factors
Gotlib, I. H., & McCann, C. D. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.2.427 · Cited by 475
Things learned in early adulthood are remembered best
Rubin, D. C., Rahhal, T. A., & Poon, L. W. (1998) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211366 · Cited by 475
Responsiveness in psychotherapy.
Stiles, W. B., Honos‐Webb, L., & Surko, M. (1998) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00166.x · Cited by 473
Desire or reason: Predicting health behaviors from affective and cognitive attitudes.
Lawton, R., Conner, M. T., & McEachan, R. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013424 · Cited by 471
Sjöberg, L. (1998) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00918.x · Cited by 470
Marcus, G. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.221 · Cited by 468
Barrick, M. R., Shaffer, J. A., & DeGrassi, S. W. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016532 · Cited by 466
The evolving concept of subjective well-being: the multifaceted nature of happiness
Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Lucas, R. E. (2003) · Advances in cell aging and gerontology · doi:10.1016/s1566-3124(03)15007-9 · Cited by 467
Decision rules and the search for a dominance structure: Towards a process model of decision making
Montgomery, H. (1983) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)62243-8 · Cited by 464
Psychological Pathways to Fraud: Understanding and Preventing Fraud in Organizations
Murphy, P. R., & Dacin, T. (2011) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0741-0 · Cited by 464
Emotion, Thought, and Estrangement: Emotion as a Cultural Category
Lutz, C. A. (1986) · Cultural Anthropology · doi:10.1525/can.1986.1.3.02a00020 · Cited by 461
Wentura, D., Rothermund, K., & Bak, P. M. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1024 · Cited by 461
EMOTIONS IN ORGANIZATIONS: A MULTI-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE
Ashkanasy, N. M. (2004) · Research in multi-level issues · doi:10.1016/s1475-9144(03)02002-2 · Cited by 462
A Review and Critique of the Hierarchy of Effects in Advertising
Barry, T. E., & Howard, D. J. (1990) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.1990.11107138 · Cited by 459
The Conditions of Fruitfulness of Theorizing About Mechanisms in Social Science
Stinchcombe, A. L. (1991) · Philosophy of the Social Sciences · doi:10.1177/004839319102100305 · Cited by 459
Collective Emotions in Conflict Situations: Societal Implications
Bar‐Tal, D., Halperin, E., & de Rivera, J. (2007) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00518.x · Cited by 459
Parents' Ideas, Actions, and Feelings: Models and Methods from Developmental and Social Psychology
Goodnow, J. J. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1988.tb01468.x · Cited by 456
Preattentive Mere Exposure Effects
Janiszewski, C. (1993) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209356 · Cited by 455
The Interface Between Emotion and Attention: A Review of Evidence From Psychology and Neuroscience
Compton, R. J. (2003) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582303255278 · Cited by 455
Mercer, J. (2010) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818309990221 · Cited by 453
EMA: A process model of appraisal dynamics
Marsella, S. C., & Gratch, J. (2009) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2008.03.005 · Cited by 452
Feeling and facial efference: Implications of the vascular theory of emotion.
Zajonc, R. B., Murphy, S. T., & Inglehart, M. R. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.3.395 · Cited by 452
Self-citationOn the interdependence of cognition and emotion
Storbeck, J., & Clore, G. L. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701438020 · Cited by 449
Multisensory design: Reaching out to touch the consumer
Spence, C. J., & Gallace, A. (2011) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20392 · Cited by 450
The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science.
Westen, D. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.333 · Cited by 448
Choosing your informant: weighing familiarity and recent accuracy
Corriveau, K. H., & Harris, P. L. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00792.x · Cited by 448
Performing under pressure: stress and cognitive function
Mendl, M. (1999) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(99)00088-x · Cited by 447
Interestingness?A neglected variable in discourse processing
Hidi, S. E., & BAIRD, W. (1986) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/s0364-0213(86)80003-9 · Cited by 446
Does Attitude toward the Ad Affect Brand Attitude under a Brand Evaluation Set?
Gardner, M. P. (1985) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378502200208 · Cited by 446
If It's Difficult to Pronounce, It Must Be Risky
Song, H., & Schwarz, N. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02267.x · Cited by 444
The Stigmatization and Devaluation of Elites Associated with Corporate Failures: A Process Model
Wiesenfeld, B. M., Wurthmann, K. A., & Hambrick, D. C. (2008) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2008.27752771 · Cited by 444
‘Fear of Missing Out’ (FOMO) marketing appeals: A conceptual model
Hodkinson, C. (2016) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2016.1234504 · Cited by 445
Unpacking, repacking, and anchoring: Advances in support theory.
Rottenstreich, Y., & Tversky, A. (1997) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.104.2.406 · Cited by 446
The Schachter theory of emotion: Two decades later.
Reisenzein, R. (1983) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.2.239 · Cited by 442
If it's not left, it's right: Electroencephalograph asymmetry and the development of emotion.
Fox, N. A. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.8.863 · Cited by 438
Self-Evaluation in Young Children
Stipek, D. J., Recchia, S. L., McClintic, S., & Lewis, M. (1992) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166190 · Cited by 435
A Perceptual-Motor Theory of Emotion
Leventhal, H. (1984) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60119-7 · Cited by 436
Implicit Ingroup Favoritism, Outgroup Favoritism, and Their Behavioral Manifestations
Dasgupta, N. (2004) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/b:sore.0000027407.70241.15 · Cited by 434
Glöckner, A., & Witteman, C. L. M. (2009) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546780903395748 · Cited by 434
When Competence Is Irrelevant: The Role of Interpersonal Affect in Task-Related Ties
Casciaro, T., & Lobo, M. S. (2008) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.53.4.655 · Cited by 432
Hansen, T. (2015) · Fairchild Books · doi:10.5040/9781501304293.ch-012 · Cited by 432
Verbeke, W., Marcu, A., Rutsaert, P., Gaspar, R., Seibt, B., Fletcher, D., & Barnett, J. C. (2014) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.11.013 · Cited by 431
Priming Effects in Amnesia: Evidence for a Dissociable Memory Function
Shimamura, A. P. (1986) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748608401617 · Cited by 431
Differences Between Belief and Knowledge Systems*
Abelson, R. P. (1979) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0304_4 · Cited by 430
The Cultural Part of Cognition
D’Andrade, R. G. (1981) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0503_1 · Cited by 430
Metadata
- Authors
- Zajonc, R. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zajonc, R. B.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1980-02
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 151-175
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2042276900
- Cited by
- 8,094
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 142 · 2024: 174 · 2023: 181 · 2022: 207 · 2021: 271 · 2020: 248 · 2019: 265 · 2018: 288 · 2017: 227 · 2016: 269 · 2015: 303 · 2014: 319 · 2013: 297 · 2012: 331
- FWCI
- 49.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
- Keywords
- affect, affective judgment, preferences, attitudes, impression formation, decision-making, affective reactions, cognitive processes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
