The DOI matches its Crossref record; 122 of the 123 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Abstract
We review psychometric and other evidence relevant to mixed anxiety-depression. Properties of anxiety and depression measures, including the convergent and discriminant validity of self- and clinical ratings, and interrater reliability, are examined in patient and normal samples. Results suggest that anxiety and depression can be reliably and validly assessed; moreover, although these disorders share a substantial component of general affective distress, they can be differentiated on the basis of factors specific to each syndrome. We also review evidence for these specific factors, examining the influence of context and scale content on ratings, factor analytic studies, and the role of low positive affect in depression. With these data, we argue for a tripartite structure consisting of general distress, physiological hyperarousal (specific anxiety), and anhedonia (specific depression), and we propose a diagnosis of mixed anxiety-depression.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In contrast, a cluster referred to as anxious arousal, characterized by physiological hyperarousal, is specific to anxiety (Clark & Watson, 1991).”
From Mapping Mindfulness Facets Onto Dimensions of Anxiety and Depression (2013) · cites this paper as Clark & Watson, 1991
In the citing paper
“According to the tripartite model of Clark and Watson 139 , neuroticism is a core risk factor shared across anxiety and depressive disorders, with the added component of anxious arousal being more specific to anxiety conditions, and anhedonia being more characteristic of depression 140 .”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [139]
In the citing paper
“Anxiety and low mood correlate highly but there is evidence that they are distinct constructs.”
From Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 1991
In the citing paper
“In the tripartite model of depression and anxiety, depressive symptoms are generally characterized by high negative and low positive affect”
From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Clark & Watson, 1991
In the citing paper
“low positive affect (anhedonia) plus negative affect is present in depression”
From Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 1991
In the citing paper
“According to the tripartite model of depression and anxiety, negative affect is common to both”
From Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 1991
In the citing paper
“high physiological arousal plus negative affect is present in anxiety alone”
From Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 1991
In the citing paper
“cross-sectional covariation of emotional disorders can be accounted for by a small set of latent variables, including high negative affectivity/neuroticism, low positive affectivity, and high autonomic arousal.[26][27][28][29]”
From The Classification of Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in the ICD-11: Review: Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in ICD-11 (2016) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“the option to focus assessment at the level of the internalizing spectrum allows researchers and clinicians to account for the nonspecific emotional and cognitive symptoms of internalizing disorders, thus capturing the shared feature of negative affectivity [25, 26]”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is also a risk period for the new onset of anxiety and depressive disorders, psychopathologies which have long been associated with disruptions in regulation of positive and negative emotions.”
From Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescence: Links to Anxiety and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In tripartite structural theories of internalizing disorders (e.g., Clark & Watson, 1991), the development of anxiety and depression can be understood in terms of a general factor (e.g., negative affect or neuroticism) that confers risk for both disorders, as well as disorder-specific factors, such as anxious arousal or low positive affect, which specifically confer risk for anxiety or depression,”
From Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis (2012) · cites this paper as Clark & Watson, 1991
In the citing paper
“The depression-specific factor most commonly cited is low positive affect (e.g., Clark & Watson, 1991), which involves difficulty experiencing pleasure and reduced sensitivity to rewards.”
From Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis (2012) · cites this paper as Clark & Watson, 1991
In the citing paper
“but these emotional disorders can also be distinguished by physiological hyper-arousal (specific to anxiety) versus the absence of positive affect (specific to depression).”
From Personality traits and postnatal depression: The mediated role of postnatal anxiety and moderated role of type of birth. (2019) · cites this paper as Clark and Watson, 1991
In the citing paper
“This model states that anxiety and depression share a common component of negative affect”
From Personality traits and postnatal depression: The mediated role of postnatal anxiety and moderated role of type of birth. (2019) · cites this paper as Clark and Watson, 1991
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407
A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.134.4.382 · Cited by 13,962
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696
The assessment of anxiety states by rating
HAMILTON, M. (1959) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x · Cited by 11,455
A self-rating depression scale
ZUNG, W. W. K. (1965) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008 · Cited by 9,813
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,112
Mulvaney, S. A., Lambert, E., Garber, J., & Walker, L. S. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/10.chi.0000214192.57993.06 · Cited by 183
Shahar, G., Henrich, C. C., Blatt, S. J., Ryan, R. M., & Little, T. D. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.470 · Cited by 194
Depressive symptoms erode self-esteem in severe mental illness: A three-wave, cross-lagged study.
Shahar, G., & Davidson, L. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.5.890 · Cited by 197
Development and validation of a music performance anxiety inventory for gifted adolescent musicians
Osborne, M. S., & Kenny, D. T. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.09.002 · Cited by 190
PANAS positive activation is associated with anger.
Harmon‐Jones, E., Harmon‐Jones, C., Abramson, L. Y., & Peterson, C. K. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014959 · Cited by 180
Perfectionism and depression symptom severity in major depressive disorder
Enns, M. W., & Cox, B. J. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00188-0 · Cited by 189
Dozois, D. J. A., & Dobson, K. S. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.110.2.236 · Cited by 180
Nolte, T., Guiney, J., Fonagy, P., Mayes, L. C., & Luyten, P. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00055 · Cited by 210
Untreated Anxiety Among Adult Primary Care Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization
Fifer, S. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950090072010 · Cited by 179
Alterations in reward-related decision making in boys with recent and future depression
Forbes, E. E., Shaw, D. S., & Dahl, R. E. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.026 · Cited by 173
A taxonomy of emotional disturbances.
Berenbaum, H., Raghavan, C., Le, H.-N., Vernon, L. L., & Gomez, J. J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg011 · Cited by 205
Social anxiety and the interpretation of positive social events
Alden, L. E., Taylor, C. T., Mellings, T. M. J. B., & Laposa, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.05.007 · Cited by 177
Tully, P. J., Zajac, I. T., & Venning, A. J. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9306-4 · Cited by 177
Factor structure and interpretation of the K10.
Brooks, R. T., Beard, J., & Steel, Z. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.62 · Cited by 178
Dunbar, M., Ford, G., Hunt, K., & Der, G. (2000) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466500163121 · Cited by 182
Rapee, R. M., Craske, M. G., & Barlow, D. H. (1994) · Anxiety · doi:10.1002/anxi.3070010303 · Cited by 178
Reproductive Steroid Regulation of Mood and Behavior
Schiller, C. E., Johnson, S., Abate, A., Schmidt, P. J., & Rubinow, D. R. (2016) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c150014 · Cited by 224
Mapping Mindfulness Facets Onto Dimensions of Anxiety and Depression
Desrosiers, A., Klemanski, D. H., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.02.001 · Cited by 176
“In contrast, a cluster referred to as anxious arousal, characterized by physiological hyperarousal, is specific to anxiety (Clark & Watson, 1991).”
BackgroundMerz, E. L., Malcarne, V. L., Roesch, S. C., Ko, C. M., Emerson, M. A., Roma, V. G., & Sadler, G. R. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.011 · Cited by 201
Hankin, B. L., Gibb, B. E., Abela, J. R. Z., & Flory, K. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019609 · Cited by 177
Craske, M. G., Rauch, S. L., Ursano, R. J., Prenoveau, J. M., Pine, D. S., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2011) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.9.3.foc369 · Cited by 219
Colder, C. R., & O’Connor, R. M. (2004) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/b:jacp.0000030296.54122.b6 · Cited by 173
Patrick, C. J., Kramer, M. D., Krueger, R. F., & Markon, K. E. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0034864 · Cited by 195
Verstraeten, K., Vasey, M. W., Raes, F., & Bijttebier, P. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9293-x · Cited by 190
Why are depression and anxiety correlated? A test of the tripartite model.
Burns, D. D., & Eidelson, R. J. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.3.461 · Cited by 182
Cummings, E. M., Koss, K. J., & Davies, P. T. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9926-1 · Cited by 176
“Future research should strive to incorporate the present constructs into broader models of risk and protective factors, including temperament, negative affectivity, genetic, and other environmental influences (Clark, 2005; Clark & Watson, 1991; also see De Bolle & De Fruyt, 2010).”
Social phobia and positive social events: The price of success
Wallace, S. T., & Alden, L. E. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.3.416 · Cited by 175
Friedman, S., Samuelian, J., Lancrenon, S., EVEN, C., & Chiarelli, P. (2001) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00309-2 · Cited by 174
Personality and Psychopathology: A Stagnant Field in Need of Development
Durbin, C. E., & Hicks, B. M. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1962 · Cited by 173
Exploring the Factor Structure of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ)
Keogh, E., & Reidy, J. (2000) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa740108 · Cited by 214
David, E. J. R., Okazaki, S., & Saw, A. (2009) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015419 · Cited by 201
Chorpita, B. F. (2002) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1014709417132 · Cited by 177
Toward a dimensional and psychometrically-informed approach to conceptualizing psychopathology
Krueger, R. F., & Piasecki, T. M. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00016-5 · Cited by 173
Gender Differences in Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression and Behavior Problems in Adolescents
Calvete, E., & Cardeñoso, O. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-1826-y · Cited by 198
Localization of asymmetric brain function in emotion and depression
Herrington, J. D., Heller, W., Mohanty, A., Engels, A. S., Banich, M. T., Webb, A. G., & Miller, G. A. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00958.x · Cited by 169
Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: The Turkish Version
Soykan, Ç., Özgüven, H. D., & Gençöz, T. (2003) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2003.93.3f.1059 · Cited by 173
Hanington, L., Ramchandani, P., & Stein, A. (2010) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.11.004 · Cited by 173
Kemp, A. H., Gordon, E., Rush, A. J., & Williams, L. M. (2008) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900017120 · Cited by 170
den Berg, A. I. V. D. Z.-V., Boere‐Boonekamp, M. M., Groothuis‐Oudshoorn, C. G. M., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.062 · Cited by 191
Affective startle modulation in clinical depression: Preliminary findings
Allen, N. B., Trinder, J., & Brennan, C. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00025-6 · Cited by 214
The symptomatic expression of major depressive disorder in adolescents and young adults.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Pettit, J. W., Joiner, T. E., & Seeley, J. R. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.2.244 · Cited by 181
The expression of positive and negative schizotypy in daily life: an experience sampling study
Kwapil, T. R., Brown, L. H., Silvia, P. J., Myin‐Germeys, I., & Barrantes‐Vidal, N. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000827 · Cited by 171
Anxiety and depression: Past, present, and future events
Eysenck, M., Payne, S., & Santos, R. (2006) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500220066 · Cited by 167
Perfectionism and the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., & Slaney, R. B. (2007) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191107303217 · Cited by 179
Psychometric evaluation of the restructured clinical scales of the MMPI-2.
Simms, L. J., Casillas, A., Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Doebbeling, B. N. (2005) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.3.345 · Cited by 168
Self-citationArch, J. J., Ayers, C. R., Baker, A., Almklov, E., Dean, D. J., & Craske, M. G. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.01.003 · Cited by 165
Hankin, B. L. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9228-6 · Cited by 169
The role of depression and anxiety symptoms in hospital readmissions after cardiac surgery
Tully, P. J., Baker, R. A., Turnbull, D. A., & Winefield, H. R. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9153-8 · Cited by 168
Terluin, B., van Rhenen, W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Haan, M. D. (2004) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/0267837042000297535 · Cited by 172
Feng, X., Shaw, D. S., Kovács, M., Lane, T. J., O'Rourke, F., & Alarcon, J. H. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01828.x · Cited by 178
The state effect of depressive and anxiety disorders on big five personality traits
Karsten, J., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Riese, H., Ormel, J., Nolen, W. A., & Hartman, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.024 · Cited by 163
Bagby, R., Psych, C., Quilty, L., & Ryder, A. C. (2008) · Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · doi:10.1177/070674370805300104 · Cited by 106
Replicating and Extending Past Personality/Job Satisfaction Meta-Analyses
Bruk‐Lee, V., Khoury, H. A., Nixon, A. E., Goh, A. P. S., & Spector, P. E. (2009) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959280902743709 · Cited by 170
Childhood trauma history differentiates amygdala response to sad faces within MDD
Grant, M. M., Cannistraci, C., Hollon, S. D., Gore, J., & Shelton, R. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.12.004 · Cited by 166
Shankman, S. A., Nelson, B. D., Sarapas, C., Robison-Andrew, E. J., Campbell, M. L., Altman, S. E., McGowan, S. K., Katz, A. C., & Gorka, S. M. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030747 · Cited by 173
Assessment of the structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in musculoskeletal patients
Pallant, J., & Bailey, C. M. (2005) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-3-82 · Cited by 168
Genetic animal models of anxiety
Finn, D. A., Rutledge-Gorman, M. T., & Crabbe, J. C. (2003) · Neurogenetics · doi:10.1007/s10048-003-0143-2 · Cited by 166
Pearl, S. B., & Norton, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.004 · Cited by 156
Landoll, R. R., Greca, A. M. L., Lai, B. S., Chan, S. F., & Herge, W. M. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.04.002 · Cited by 169
The future is here: A review of foresight systems in anxiety and depression
Miloyan, B., Pachana, N. A., & Suddendorf, T. (2014) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.863179 · Cited by 160
Watson, D., O'Hara, M. W., Chmielewski, M., McDade-Montez, E. A., Koffel, E., Naragon, K., & Stuart, S. (2008) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0012570 · Cited by 215
Self-citationDe DASS: Een vragenlijst voor het meten van depressie, angst en stress
de Beurs, E., van Dyck, R., Marquenie, L. A., Lange, A., & Blonk, R. W. B. (2001) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 164
Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.03.005 · Cited by 162
Effects of anxiety on the processing of fearful and happy faces: An event-related potential study
Holmes, A., Nielsen, M. K., & Green, S. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.10.003 · Cited by 163
Transdiagnostic approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders: A quantitative review.
Norton, P. J., & Philipp, L. M. (2008) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.45.2.214 · Cited by 159
A longitudinal analysis of anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Wetherell, J. L., Gatz, M., & Pedersen, N. L. (2001) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.16.2.187 · Cited by 161
Increased suppression of negative and positive emotions in major depression
Beblo, T., Fernando, S. C., Klocke, S., Griepenstroh, J., Aschenbrenner, S., & Drießen, M. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.019 · Cited by 182
Assessment of Anhedonia in Adults With and Without Mental Illness
Trøstheim, M., Eikemo, M., Meir, R., Hansen, I., Paul, E. R., Kroll, S. L., Garland, E. L., & Leknes, S. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13233 · Cited by 175
Repetitive Regret, Depression, and Anxiety: Findings from a Nationally Representative Survey
Roese, N. J., Epstude, K., Fessel, F., Morrison, M., Smallman, R., Summerville, A. L., Galinsky, A. D., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2009) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.6.671 · Cited by 159
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Shadows and Lights on its Construct Validity
Balsamo, M., Romanelli, R., Innamorati, M., Ciccarese, G., Carlucci, L., & Saggino, A. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9354-5 · Cited by 160
Burns, R. A., Anstey, K. J., & Windsor, T. D. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.529604 · Cited by 174
Variations in the Circumplex Structure of Mood
Barrett, L. F. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167295218003 · Cited by 173
Psychometric evaluation of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with older medical patients.
Wetherell, J. L., & Areán, P. A. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.2.136 · Cited by 162
Modeling trait and state variation using multilevel factor analysis with PANAS daily diary data
Merz, E. L., & Roesch, S. C. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.11.003 · Cited by 158
Brain activation to emotional words in depressed vs healthy subjects
Canli, T., Sivers, H., Thomason, M. E., Whitfield, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Gotlib, I. H. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200412030-00005 · Cited by 158
Reduced risk-taking behavior as a trait feature of anxiety.
Giorgetta, C., Grecucci, A., Zuanon, S., Perini, L., Balestrieri, M., Bonini, N., Sanfey, A. G., & Brambilla, P. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0029119 · Cited by 164
Silk, J. S., Davis, S., McMakin, D. L., Dahl, R. E., & Forbes, E. E. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000207 · Cited by 155
Depression and Reactivity to Stress in Older Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
Zautra, A., & Smith, B. W. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200107000-00022 · Cited by 158
Action monitoring in major depressive disorder with psychomotor retardation
Schrijvers, D. L., de Bruijn, E. R. A., Maas, Y. J., Grave, C. D., Sabbe, B., & Hulstijn, W. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.014 · Cited by 162
The relation of anxiety, depression, and stress to binge eating behavior
Rosenbaum, D., & White, K. S. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315580212 · Cited by 150
Miranda, R., Fontes, M., & Marroquín, B. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.009 · Cited by 152
Association of depression and anxiety with health care use and quality of life in asthma patients
Kullowatz, A., Kanniess, F., Dahme, B., Magnussen, H., & Ritz, T. (2007) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2006.06.002 · Cited by 155
Weems, C. F. (2008) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2008.01.001 · Cited by 156
Prospective cognitions in anxiety and depression: Replication and methodological extension
Stöber, J. (2000) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930050117693 · Cited by 154
Momentary assessment technology as a tool to help patients with depression help themselves
Wichers, M., Simons, C. J. P., Kramer, I., Hartmann, J., Menne‐Lothmann, C., Myin‐Germeys, I., van Bemmel, A. L., Peeters, F. P. M. L., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01749.x · Cited by 164
Agoraphobia: a review of the diagnostic classificatory position and criteria
Wittchen, H.-U., Gloster, A. T., Beesdo-Baum, K., Fava, G. A., & Craske, M. G. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20646 · Cited by 150
Reinholt, N., & Krogh, J. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.897367 · Cited by 146
Attentional Bias and Mood Persistence as Prospective Predictors of Dysphoria
Beevers, C. G., & Carver, C. S. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026347610928 · Cited by 161
Kashdan, T. B., & Breen, W. E. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.02.003 · Cited by 171
Vohs, K. D., Voelz, Z. R., Pettit, J. W., Bardone‐Cone, A. M., Katz, J., Abramson, L. Y., Heatherton, T. F., & Joiner, T. E. (2001) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.20.4.476.22397 · Cited by 155
The Impact of Depression on Social Skills
Tse, W. S., & Bond, A. J. (2004) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000120884.60002.2b · Cited by 155
The nature of clinical depression: Symptoms, syndromes, and behavior analysis
Kanter, J. W., Busch, A. M., Weeks, C. E., & Landes, S. J. (2008) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392158 · Cited by 189
UNDERSTANDING HETEROGENEITY IN PTSD: FEAR, DYSPHORIA, AND DISTRESS
Zoellner, L. A., Pruitt, L. D., Farach, F. J., & Jun, J. J. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22133 · Cited by 164
Comparison of factor structure models for the Beck Depression Inventory--II.
Ward, L. C. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.81 · Cited by 160
Biases in Affective Forecasting and Recall in Individuals With Depression and Anxiety Symptoms
Wenze, S. J., Gunthert, K. C., & German, R. E. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212447242 · Cited by 172
Fear-potentiated startle in adolescent offspring of parents with anxiety disordersf
Grillon, C., Dierker, L., & Merikangas, K. R. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00188-7 · Cited by 150
Hierarchical model of vulnerabilities for anxiety: Replication and extension with a clinical sample
Norton, P. J., Sexton, K. A., Walker, J. R., & Ron Norton, G. (2005) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070410005401 · Cited by 150
A review of sleep disturbance in children and adolescents with anxiety
Brown, W. J., Wilkerson, A. K., Boyd, S. J., Dewey, D., Mesa, F., & Bunnell, B. E. (2018) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12635 · Cited by 153
Avoidance mediates the relationship between anxiety and depression over a decade later
Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.03.007 · Cited by 149
Hoarding and its relation to obsessive–compulsive disorder
Wu, K. D., & Watson, D. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.013 · Cited by 152
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, L. A., & Watson, D.
- Affiliations
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 1991-08
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 316-336
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2148916146
- Cited by
- 4,601
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 172 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 204 · 2021: 195 · 2020: 230 · 2019: 182 · 2018: 189 · 2017: 181 · 2016: 176 · 2015: 226 · 2014: 223 · 2013: 195 · 2012: 221
- FWCI
- 37.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, anxiety, depression, tripartite model, anhedonia, hyperarousal, convergent and discriminant validity, inter-rater reliability, factor structure, positive affect, diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
