Do schizophrenic patients show a disjunctive relationship among expressive, experiential, and psychophysiological components of emotion?
Abstract
Recent research has found a discrepancy between schizophrenic patients' outward expression of emotion and their reported emotional experience. In this study, which attempts to replicate and extend the findings of previous studies, participants with and without schizophrenia viewed emotional film clips while their facial expressions were videotaped and skin conductance was recorded. Participants also reported their subjective experience of emotion following each film. Those with schizophrenia were less facially expressive than controls during the emotional films and reported experiencing as much positive and negative emotion, replicating previous findings. Additionally, schizophrenic patients exhibited greater skin conductance reactivity to all films than controls. These findings suggest a disjunction among emotional response domains for schizophrenic patients; alternative explanations for the findings are considered as well as suggestions for future research.
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Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls but comparable levels of emotion experience.
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
From Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. (2002) · cites this paper as Kring & Neale, 1996
Psychophysiological studies of patients with schizophrenia indicate comparable or more exaggerated facial responsivity to positive and negative stimuli, assessed via facial electromyography, skin conductance, and affective modulation of the startle eyeblink response.
“psychophysiological studies of patients with schizophrenia indicate comparable or more exaggerated facial responsivity to positive and negative stimuli, assessed via facial electromyography [397,398], skin conductance [399,400], and affective modulation of the startle eyeblink response [401,402].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [399]
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Self-citationEmotion regulation in action: emotional reactivity in experiential avoidance
Sloan, D. M. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.006 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Schizophrenia as a self-disorder due to perceptual incoherence
Postmes, L., Sno, H. N., Goedhart, S., van der Stel, J., Heering, H. D., & de Haan, L. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.027 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Emotion processing in persons at risk for schizophrenia.
Phillips, L. K., & Seidman, L. (2008) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn085 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Anxiety in Patients with Schizophrenia: Epidemiology and Management
Temmingh, H., & Stein, D. J. (2015) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-015-0282-7 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Fronto-limbic and autonomic disjunctions to negative emotion distinguish schizophrenia subtypes
Williams, L. M., Das, P., Liddell, B. J., Olivieri, G., Peduto, A. S., David, A. S., Gordon, E., & Harris, A. W. F. (2007) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.12.018 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The expression and experience of emotion in schizophrenia: a study of social interactions
Aghevli, M. A., Blanchard, J. J., & Horan, W. P. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00133-1 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The Facial Expression Coding System (FACES): development, validation, and utility.
Kring, A., & Sloan, D. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.210 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotion regulation strategies in patients with schizophrenia
van der Meer, L., Wout, M. V., & Aleman, A. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.07.010 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Evoked facial emotional expression and emotional experience in people with anorexia nervosa
Davies, H. A., Schmidt, U. H., Stahl, D. R., & Tchanturia, K. (2010) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20852 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Abnormal Responses to Monetary Outcomes in Cortex, but not in the Basal Ganglia, in Schizophrenia
Waltz, J. A., Schweitzer, J. B., Ross, T. J., Kurup, P. K., Salmeron, B. J., Rose, E. J., Gold, J. M., & Stein, E. A. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.126 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Sensory Contributions to Impaired Emotion Processing in Schizophrenia
Butler, P. D., Abeles, I. Y., Weiskopf, N. G., Tambini, A., Jalbrzikowski, M., Legatt, M. E., Zemon, V. M., Loughead, J., Gur, R. C., & Javitt, D. C. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp109 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Dopaminergic Contribution to the Regulation of Emotional Perception
Salgado‐Pineda, P., Delaveau, P., Blin, O. J., & Nieoullon, A. (2005) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.wnf.0000185824.57690.f0 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Anticipatory vs. consummatory pleasure: What is the nature of hedonic deficits in schizophrenia?
Strauss, G. P., Wilbur, R. C., Warren, K. R., August, S. M., & Gold, J. M. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.012 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Barch, D. M. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi040 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Kihlstrom, J. F., Mulvaney, S. A., Tobias, B. A., & Tobis, I. P. (2000) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195113334.003.0002 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Psychometric Evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale Among Chinese Population
Chi, X., Chen, S., Chen, Y., Chen, D., Yu, Q., Guo, T., Cao, Q., Zheng, X., Huang, S., Hossain, M. M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00441-7 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Fulford, D., Campellone, T. R., & Gard, D. E. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.007 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Neural Response to Emotional Salience in Schizophrenia
Taylor, S. F., Phan, K. L., Britton, J. C., & Liberzon, I. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300679 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Anxiety and Schizophrenia: The Interaction of Subtypes of Anxiety and Psychotic Symptoms
Huppert, J. D., & Smith, T. E. (2005) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900019714 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Horan, W. P., & Blanchard, J. J. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00227-x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Chan, R. C. K., Wang, Y., Huang, J., Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Hong, X., Ma, Z., Li, Z., Lai, M. K., & Kring, A. M. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.01.020 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotion and psychopathology: Bridging affective and clinical science.
Rottenberg, J., & Johnson, S. L. (2007) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11562-000 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Selective attention to facial emotion and identity in schizophrenia
Baudouin, J., Martin, F., Tiberghien, G., Verlut, I., & Nicolas Franck, B. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00114-2 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Emotional responding in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia
Earnst, K. S., & Kring, A. M. (1999) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00083-9 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurocognitive allied phenotypes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Hill, S. K., Harris, M. S. H., Herbener, E. S., Pavuluri, M., & Sweeney, J. A. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn027 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Lack of cortico-limbic coupling in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia during emotion regulation
Morris, R. W., Sparks, A., Mitchell, P. B., Weickert, C. S., & Green, M. J. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.16 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Llerena, K., Strauss, G. P., & Cohen, A. S. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.09.005 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Modification of affect perception deficits in schizophrenia
Penn, D. L., & Combs, D. R. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00005-0 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Anhedonia and the experience of emotion in individuals with schizophrenia.
Burbridge, J. A., & Barch, D. M. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.30 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Henry, J. D., Green, M. J., de Lucia, A., Restuccia, C., McDonald, S., & O׳Donnell, M. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.06.002 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Facial expressivity in the course of schizophrenia and depression
Gäebel, W., & W�lwer, W. (2004) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-004-0510-5 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Measuring changes in emotion during psychotherapy: Conceptual and methodological issues.
Sloan, D. M., & Kring, A. M. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00092.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationElectrophysiological correlates of emotional responding in schizophrenia.
Horan, W. P., Wynn, J. K., Kring, A. M., Simons, R. F., & Green, M. F. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017510 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationHabel, U., Gur, R. C., Mandal, M. K., Salloum, J. B., Gur, R. E., & Schneider, F. W. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00093-6 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Failure of positive but not negative emotional valence to enhance memory in schizophrenia.
Herbener, E. S., Rosen, C., Khine, T. T., & Sweeney, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.43 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Myin‐Germeys, I., A, L. K. M., Jolles, J., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.443 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Edwards, J., McGorry, P. D., Waddell, F. M., & Harrigan, S. (1999) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00043-2 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Brown, C. L., Doren, N. V., Ford, B. Q., Mauss, I. B., Sze, J. A., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000579 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Attachment and emotion in school-aged children.
Borelli, J. L., Crowley, M. J., David, D. H., Sbarra, D. A., Anderson, G. M., & Mayes, L. C. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018490 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Alexithymia in Schizophrenia: An Exploratory Study
Cedro, A., Kokoszka, A., Popiel, A., & Narkiewicz-Jodko, W. (2001) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2001.89.1.95 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
What aspects of emotional functioning are impaired in schizophrenia?
Herbener, E. S., Song, W., Khine, T. T., & Sweeney, J. A. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.06.025 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Motivational deficits as the central link to functioning in schizophrenia: A pilot study
Foussias, G., Mann, S. W., Zakzanis, K. K., van Reekum, R., & Remington, G. J. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.020 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
An exploration of emotion regulation in psychosis
Livingstone, K., Harper, S., & Gillanders, D. (2009) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.635 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cho, H., Gonzalez, R., Lavaysse, L. M., Pence, S., Fulford, D., & Gard, D. E. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.016 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Adams, D., & Oliver, C. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.003 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
On the Broad Applicability of the Affective Circumplex
Kring, A. M., Barrett, L. F., & Gard, D. E. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.02433 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural Correlates of Emotion Regulation in Patients with Schizophrenia and Non-Affected Siblings
van der Meer, L., Swart, M., van der Velde, J., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., Wiersma, D., Bruggeman, R., & Aleman, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099667 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Interpersonal problems and emotional intelligence in compulsive hoarding
Grisham, J. R., Steketee, G., & Frost, R. O. (2008) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20327 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kring, A. M., & Neale, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- ORCID
- Kring, Ann M.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 1996-05
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 249-257
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2162365020
- Cited by
- 374
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 8.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH4411602)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, emotional expression, facial expressions, skin conductance, emotional experience, emotional film clips, psychophysiological reactivity, replication
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Antipsychotic Agents, Verbal Behavior
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