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Two Decades of Terror Management Theory: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Research

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Many forms of culture.

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Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory

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Materialistic Values and Goals

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The Urge to Splurge: A Terror Management Account of Materialism and Consumer Behavior

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A Terror Management Analysis of the Psychological Functions of Religion

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The folk psychology of souls

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The Safety of Objects: Materialism, Existential Insecurity, and Brand Connection

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Eaten up by boredom: consuming food to escape awareness of the bored self

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Belief in supernatural agents in the face of death

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Anger toward God: Social-cognitive predictors, prevalence, and links with adjustment to bereavement and cancer.

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The origins of religious disbelief

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A Function of Form: Terror Management and Structuring the Social World.

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Terror management and religion: Evidence that intrinsic religiousness mitigates worldview defense following mortality salience.

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A Terror Management Perspective on Ageism

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The role of control motivation in mortality salience effects on ingroup support and defense

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Financial hardship and psychological distress: Exploring the buffering effects of religion

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Self and Identity

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Adjusting to death: The effects of mortality salience and self-esteem on psychological well-being, growth motivation, and maladaptive behavior.

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Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, belief in the afterlife, death anxiety, and life satisfaction in young Catholics and Protestants

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Greed, death, and values: From terror management to transcendence management theory

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To belong or not to belong, that is the question: Terror management and identification with gender and ethnicity.

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Focus theory of normative conduct and terror management theory: The interactive impact of mortality salience and norm salience on social judgment

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When death thoughts lead to death fears: Mortality salience increases death anxiety for individuals who lack meaning in life

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Terror management theory and self-esteem revisited: the roles of implicit and explicit self-esteem in mortality salience effects

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The cultural evolution of shamanism

Singh, M. (2017) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x17001893 · Cited by 187

Mortality salience increases adherence to salient norms and values

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Existential threat and compliance with pro-environmental norms

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Does peace have a prayer? The effect of mortality salience, compassionate values, and religious fundamentalism on hostility toward out-groups

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Attitudes Towards Science

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From the grave to the cradle: evidence that mortality salience engenders a desire for offspring

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Goal Shifts Following Reminders of Mortality: Reconciling Posttraumatic Growth and Terror Management Theory

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The religious correlates of death anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Terror management and adults' attachment to their parents: The safe haven remains

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Evidence for the specificity of control motivations in worldview defense: Distinguishing compensatory control from uncertainty management and terror management processes

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Understanding the Vital Human Quest for Self-Esteem

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Mortality salience and the desire for offspring

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Exploring the Existential Function of Religion and Supernatural Agent Beliefs Among Christians, Muslims, Atheists, and Agnostics

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Experimental Existential Psychology: Coping With the Facts of Life

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Self‐sacrifice as self‐defence: Mortality salience increases efforts to affirm a symbolic immortal self at the expense of the physical self

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Terror Management Theory and Research: How the Desire for Death Transcendence Drives Our Strivings for Meaning and Significance

Greenberg, J., Vail, K., & Pyszczynski, T. (2014) · Advances in Motivation Science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2014.08.003 · Cited by 109

The Malicious Effects of Existential Threat on Motivation to Protect the Natural Environment and the Role of Environmental Identity as a Moderator

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Death Without God

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Perceived threats of terrorism and job performance: The roles of job-related anxiety and religiousness

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Religiosity and fear of death: a three‐nation comparison

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It’s Only a Matter of Time: Death, Legacies, and Intergenerational Decisions

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Successfully challenging fundamentalist beliefs results in increased death awareness

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Destined to die but not to wage war: How existential threat can contribute to escalation or de-escalation of violent intergroup conflict.

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Terrifying thoughts, terrible materialism? Contemplations on a terror management account of materialism and consumer behavior

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Meaning of life, representation of death, and their association with psychological distress

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Mortality salience and religion: divergent effects on the defense of cultural worldviews for the religious and the non‐religious

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Exploring the existential function of religion: The effect of religious fundamentalism and mortality salience on faith-based medical refusals.

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Power and death: Mortality salience increases power seeking while feeling powerful reduces death anxiety.

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Humanoid versus non-humanoid robots: How mortality salience shapes preference for robot services under the COVID-19 pandemic?

Liu, X., Wan, L. C., & Yi, X. (2022) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2022.103383 · Cited by 85

Play It Safe or Go for the Gold? A Terror Management Perspective on Self-Enhancement and Self-Protective Motives in Risky Decision Making

Landau, M. J., & Greenberg, J. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206292017 · Cited by 86

Why Threats Trigger Compensatory Reactions: The Need for Coherence and Quest for Self-Verification

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Religiosity and Fear of Death: A Theory-Oriented Review of the Empirical Literature

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Things Will Get Better: The Anxiety-Buffering Qualities of Progressive Hope

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Gender differences in death anxiety and religious orientation among US high school and college students

Pierce, J., Cohen, A. B., Chambers, J. A., & Meade, R. M. (2007) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13694670500440650 · Cited by 95

Toward Understanding the Fame Game: The Effect of Mortality Salience on the Appeal of Fame

Greenberg, J., Kosloff, S., Solomon, S., Cohen, F., & Landau, M. J. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860802391546 · Cited by 77

Beyond terror: Towards a paradigm shift in the study of threat and culture

Martin, L. L., & van den Bos, K. (2014) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2014.923144 · Cited by 76

Dogmatism and mental health: A comparison of the religious and secular.

Moore, J. T., & Leach, M. M. (2015) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000027 · Cited by 78

What Are We So Afraid Of?: A Terror Management Theory Perspective on the Politics of Fear

Pyszczynski, T. (2004) · Social research · doi:10.1353/sor.2004.0012 · Cited by 74

The Relation between Religion and Well-Being

Cohen, A. B., & Johnson, K. A. (2016) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-016-9475-6 · Cited by 75

Embedding existential psychology within psychedelic science: reduced death anxiety as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics

Moreton, S. G., Szalla, L., Menzies, R. E., & Arena, A. F. A. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05391-0 · Cited by 85

Choosing the best (wo)man for the job: The effects of mortality salience, sex, and gender stereotypes on leader evaluations

Hoyt, C. L., Simon, S., & Reid, L. (2009) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.01.016 · Cited by 78

The Existential Function of Intrinsic Religiousness: Moderation of Effects of Priming Religion on Intercultural Tolerance and Afterlife Anxiety

Tongeren, D. V. V., Raad, J. M., McIntosh, D., & Pae, J. (2013) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12053 · Cited by 84

Religious Fundamentalism and Terror Management

Friedman, M., & Rholes, W. S. (2008) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508610701719322 · Cited by 73

Delay and Death-Thought Accessibility: A Meta-Analysis

Steinman, C. T., & Updegraff, J. A. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215607843 · Cited by 72

Fearing the uncertain: Self-uncertainty plays a role in mortality salience

Hohman, Z. P., & Hogg, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.11.007 · Cited by 78

Virtual mortality and near-death experience after a prolonged exposure in a shared virtual reality may lead to positive life-attitude changes

Barberia, I., Oliva, R., Bourdin, P., & Slater, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203358 · Cited by 71

Cyberbomb

van Beest, I., Williams, K. D., & van Dijk, E. (2011) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430210389084 · Cited by 74

On the Compatibility of Terror Management Theory and Perspectives on Human Evolution

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Cognitive flexibility and religious disbelief

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Creative terror management: Creativity as a facilitator of cultural exploration after mortality salience

Routledge, C. D., & Arndt, J. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208329629 · Cited by 69

A Little Piece of Me: When Mortality Reminders Lead to Giving to Others

Dunn, L., White, K., & Dahl, D. W. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucaa020 · Cited by 69

Death Anxiety as a Function of Aging Anxiety

Benton, J. P., Christopher, A. N., & Walter, M. I. (2007) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180601187100 · Cited by 69

In a Pandemic Are We More Religious? Traditional Practices of Catholics and the COVID-19 in Southwestern Colombia

Meza, D. (2020) · International Journal of Latin American Religions · doi:10.1007/s41603-020-00108-0 · Cited by 65

Differentiating the effects of self-control and self-esteem on reactions to mortality salience

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Beliefs about one’s own death, personal insecurity, and materialism

Christopher, A. N., Drummond, K., Jones, J. R., Marek, P., & Therriault, K. M. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.017 · Cited by 62

Unconscious vigilance: Worldview defense without adaptations for terror, coalition, or uncertainty management.

Holbrook, C., Sousa, P., & Hahn-Holbrook, J. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024033 · Cited by 62

Existential escape of the bored: A review of meaning-regulation processes under boredom

Moynihan, A. B., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2020.1829347 · Cited by 72

Fear and uncertainty in the face of death: The role of life after death in group identification

Hohman, Z. P., & Hogg, M. A. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.818 · Cited by 59

Religious magnanimity: Reminding people of their religious belief system reduces hostility after threat.

Schumann, K., McGregor, I., Nash, K. A., & Ross, M. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036739 · Cited by 57

Terror Management in the Courtroom: Exploring the Effects of Mortality Salience on Legal Decision Making.

Arndt, J., Lieberman, J. D., Cook, A., & Solomon, S. (2005) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.3.407 · Cited by 54

No atheists in foxholes: Arguments for (but not against) afterlife belief buffers mortality salience effects for atheists

Heflick, N. A., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2011) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02058.x · Cited by 57

Theodiversity

Norenzayan, A. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033426 · Cited by 62

An Angry Volcano? Reminders of Death and Anthropomorphizing Nature

Ara Norenzayan, A., Hansen, I. G., & Cady, J. (2008) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.190 · Cited by 54

Death anxiety and religion

Jong, J. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.004 · Cited by 52

A Word of Caution about Many Labs 4: If You Fail to Follow Your Preregistered Plan, You May Fail to Find a Real Effect

Chatard, A., Hirschberger, G., & Pyszczynski, T. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ejubn · Cited by 51

Cultivating the Regulatory Focus of Followers to Amplify Their Sensitivity to Transformational Leadership

Moss, S. A. (2008) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051808327880 · Cited by 51

“The greedy I that gives”—The paradox of egocentrism and altruism: Terror management and system justification perspectives on the interrelationship between mortality salience and charitable donations amid the COVID‐19 pandemic

Jin, S. V., & Ryu, E. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12381 · Cited by 52

The closing of open minds: Need for closure moderates the impact of uncertainty salience on outgroup discrimination

Brizi, A., Mannetti, L., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2015) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12131 · Cited by 49

Proximal and Distal Terror Management Defenses

Kosloff, S., Anderson, G., Nottbohm, A., & Hoshiko, B. (2019) · Handbook of Terror Management Theory · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811844-3.00002-0 · Cited by 47

Limited time perspective, values, and greed: Imagining a limited future reduces avarice in extrinsic people

Cozzolino, P. J., Sheldon, K. M., Schachtman, T. R., & Meyers, L. S. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.008 · Cited by 47

Understanding the Impact of Mortality-Related Health-Risk Information: A Terror Management Theory Perspective

Jessop, D. C., Albery, I. P., Rutter, J., & Garrod, H. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208316790 · Cited by 48

Diverging effects of mortality salience on variety seeking: The different roles of death anxiety and semantic concept activation

Huang, Z., & Wyer, R. S. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.01.008 · Cited by 45

Hopelessly mortal: The role of mortality salience, immortality and trait self-esteem in personal hope

Wisman, A., & Heflick, N. A. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1031643 · Cited by 27

Terror management theory and self-esteem revisited: the roles of implicit and explicit self-esteem in mortality salience effects

Schmeichel, B. J., Gailliot, M. T., Filardo, E.-A., McGregor, I., Gitter, S., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015091 · Cited by 182

The effects of mortality salience on self-esteem

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