Delay and Death-Thought Accessibility: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
The dual-process component of Terror Management Theory (TMT) proposes that different types of threats lead to increases in death-thought accessibility (DTA) after different delay intervals. Experimental studies of terror management threats' effect on DTA were collected and coded for their use of explicitly death-related (vs. not explicitly death-related) threats, and for their use of delay and task-switching during the delay. Results reveal that studies using death-related threats achieved larger DTA effect-sizes when they included more task-switching or a longer delay between the threat and the DTA measurement. In contrast, studies using threats that were not explicitly death-related achieved smaller DTA effect-sizes when they included more task-switching between the threat and the DTA measurement. These findings provide partial support for the dual-process component's predictions regarding delay and DTA. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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All participants included in the present analyses provided complete data, including responses on the filler task(s) used to cause the requisite delay and distraction between prime and dependent variables.
“Additionally, all participants included in the present analyses provided complete data, including responses on the filler task(s) used to cause the requisite delay and distraction between prime and dependent variables [23, 24].”
From Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
Previous work has found MS primes to be most effective in large samples of late adolescents and young adults who are White, North American undergraduates with low or fragile self-esteem, who complete inductions with precise timing during in-person administration.
“However, previous work has found MS primes to be most effective in large samples of late adolescents and young adults who are White, North American undergraduates with low or fragile self-esteem, who complete inductions with precise timing during in-person administration [19, 21, 23, 35].”
From Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
It was impossible to control or monitor the delay between prime and essay rating, which may have thwarted the desired effects.
“Additionally, it was impossible to control or monitor the delay between prime and essay rating, which, in combination with the motivation for speedy responding, may have thwarted the desired effects [21, 23, 101].”
From Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
All participants completed the delay tasks, each of which is a well-established and/or prototypical measure.
“All participants completed the delay tasks, each of which is a well-established and/or prototypical measure [23, 24].”
From Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
A seemingly necessary component of successful death-thought accessibility is a delay between the experimental induction and the measure of interest.
“A seemingly necessary component of successful death-thought accessibility is a delay between the experimental induction (i.e., the MS task) and the measure of interest [21, 23, 24].”
From Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
There may be some cause for concern given the variability in effect size as a function of sample composition and precise methodology used.
“Still, there may be some cause for concern given the variability in effect size as a function of sample composition and precise methodology used [19, 21, 23, 35, 56].”
From Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
On the surface, the large literature on TMT indicates that the effects of MS are robust and replicable, even in small samples.
“On the surface, the large literature on TMT indicates that the effects of MS are robust and replicable, even in small samples.”
From Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
Later studies found that more intense primes require more time for worldview defenses to kick-in, making subtle primes a more cost effective method than intense primes.
“Later studies found that more intense primes require more time for worldview defenses to “kick-in,” making subtle primes a more cost effective method than intense primes [23].”
From Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
We used similar delay methods (e.g., the administration of the PANAS) as previous work, which should have provided the appropriate delay time.
“We used similar delay methods (e.g., the administration of the PANAS) as previous work, which should have provided the appropriate delay time [23]”
From Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
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Vess, M., Arndt, J., & Cox, C. R. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611420303 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mortality Salience and Perceptions of People with AIDS: Understanding the Role of Prejudice
Grover, K. W., Miller, C. T., Solomon, S., Webster, R. J., & Saucier, D. A. (2010) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2010.519252 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Evidence for a role of death thought in American attitudes toward symbols of Islam
Cohen, F., Soenke, M., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.09.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cox, C. R., Reid‐Arndt, S. A., Arndt, J., & Moser, R. P. (2012) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2011.633980 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Carey, R. N., & Sarma, K. M. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ben‐Ari, O. T. –., & Katz–Ben-Ami, L. (2008) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180802289622 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Creatureliness priming reduces aggression and support for war
Motyl, M. S., Hart, J., Cooper, D., Heflick, N. A., Goldenberg, J. L., & Pyszczynski, T. (2012) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2012.02115.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Association Between Thoughts of Defecation and Thoughts of Death
Dunkel, C. S. (2009) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180802602808 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Scharf, M., & Cohen, T. (2013) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-013-9172-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Terror management theory and the COVID-19 pandemic
Pyszczynski, T., Lockett, M., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2021) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167820959488 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
The role of close relationships in terror management: a systematic review and research agenda
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Proximal and Distal Terror Management Defenses
Kosloff, S., Anderson, G., Nottbohm, A., & Hoshiko, B. (2019) · Handbook of Terror Management Theory · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811844-3.00002-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Death concerns, benefit-finding, and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic
Cox, C. R., Swets, J. A., Gully, B., Xiao, J., & Yraguen, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648609 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Takeuchi, R., Guo, N., Teschner, R. S., & Kautz, J. (2021) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000949 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Treger, S., Benau, E. M., & Timko, C. A. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285267 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“However, previous work has found MS primes to be most effective in large samples of late adolescents and young adults who are White, North American undergraduates with low or fragile self-esteem, who complete inductions with precise timing during in-person administration [19, 21, 23, 35].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMethodological weakness of the death-word-fragment task: Alternative implicit death anxiety measures
Naidu, P. A., Hine, T. J., & Glendon, A. I. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1846228 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Death thoughts predict increased depression for those with low self-worth
Fairlamb, S., & Juhl, J. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1793432 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mortality salience in an offline and online setting
Chew, P. K. H., & Yap, B. L. M. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1888826 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Steinman, C. T., & Updegraff, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Kent State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Steinman, Christopher T.
- ORCID
- Updegraff, John A.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-10-06
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1682-1696
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2318761638
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- terror management theory, death-thought accessibility, dual-process models, task switching, mortality salience
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Anxiety, Attitude to Death, Death, Defense Mechanisms, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Psychological Theory, Stress, Psychological, Thinking, Terrorism
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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