The DOI matches its Crossref record; 242 of the 242 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits
Abstract
The authors review the development of the modern paradigm for intelligence assessment and application and consider the differentiation between intelligence-as-maximal performance and intelligence-as-typical performance. They review theories of intelligence, personality, and interest as a means to establish potential overlap. Consideration of intelligence-as-typical performance provides a basis for evaluation of intelligence-personality and intelligence-interest relations. Evaluation of relations among personality constructs, vocational interests, and intellectual abilities provides evidence for communality across the domains of personality of J. L. Holland's (1959) model of vocational interests. The authors provide an extensive meta-analysis of personality-intellectual ability correlations, and a review of interest-intellectual ability associations. They identify 4 trait complexes: social, clerical/conventional, science/math, and intellectual/cultural.
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In the citing paper
“Openness-related traits are widely acknowledged correlates of cognitive abilities (17).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Second, investment of intelligence into acquired knowledge (i.e., invested abilities) was found to require a hungry mind (i.e., openness traits) and interest in the domain of knowledge to be acquired (17, 19).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“A few meta-analyses have summarized available research (e.g., refs. 17–21).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Although considerable research has examined the correlates and consequences of cognitive abilities and personality traits independently, much less is known about their connections.”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“This investment process underpins the emergence of knowledge acquisition trait complexes (17) and intellectual engagement (19).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Thus, invested abilities displayed larger relations with openness traits, especially its intellect, non traditional,* need for cognition, and openness to ideas facets.”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“First, cognitive abilities were moderately associated with a variety of openness-related traits (17, 19) but appeared to have weak relations with other personality characteristics (18).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“In contrast to previous meta-analyses that reported mostly null effects for extraversion–abilities relations (17, 18), our larger dataset and more nuanced construct structures revealed previously unacknowledged relations.”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Overall, these intellect-related traits’ relations were in line with previous meta-analytic estimates (17, 19) (mean ρ^ = .21, mean 95% CI [.13, .29])”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Openness to Experience, however, is the only Big Five factor with moderate associations with general intelligence ( 0.33 r in a meta-analysis by Ackerman and Heggestad [1997])”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad [1997]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis conducted by Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) found generally positive relationships with extraversion across ten intelligence traits.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Results from a meta-analysis between personality and intelligence conducted by Ackerman and Heggestad (1997), however, found relatively consistent modest positive relations between extraversion and intelligence.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Their findings, shown in Table 2, indicate a positive relationship of the estimated effect sizes for extraversion across the ability categories ranging from 0.05 to 0.14 (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“The pervasive decrease in the estimated effect sizes in the current study compared to the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) results provides initial support for this hypothesis.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad (1997)
In the citing paper
“Consistent with past research (Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997; Zeidner and Matthews, 2000; Zeidner, 1995), all of the estimated effect sizes were close to zero.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“A closer comparison with the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) results reveals that most of the estimated effect sizes from the current study are slightly smaller (compare Table 2 and Table 9).”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Exclusion criteria were designed to retain studies useful in the present meta-analysis and consistent with the studies used in the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) meta-analysis to avoid a selection confound.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“For example, about 27 additional studies (an average increase of 60%) were located beyond those located in the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) meta-analysis for the three most studied ability-personality combinations (extraversion crossed with crystallized intelligence, general intelligence, and fluid intelligence).”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Similar to the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) meta-analysis, the extraversion-intelligence relationship was slightly positive, and different patterns of relationships were found for social closeness and social potency.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad (1997)
In the citing paper
“Almost universally, the estimated effects sizes in the current study were less than the estimated effect sizes in the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) meta-analysis, and almost universally, the correlations of the extraversion-intelligence association and date of publication for the ability-personality categories were negative.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad (1997)
In the citing paper
“Also, vocational interests are related to cognitive abilities (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), self-efficacy beliefs (Rottinghaus et al., 2003), values and goals (Stoll et al., 2020).”
From The German O*NET Interest Profiler Short Form (2023) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“All tests of intelligence or cognitive aptitude are optimal performance assessments, whereas measures of thinking dispositions are often assessed under typical performance conditions (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997;Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996;Norris & Ennis, 1989;Perkins, 1995;Sternberg, 2003;Zeidner & Matthews, 2000).”
From The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks (2011) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Moreover, because Openness is positively correlated with a broad range of cognitive abilities, including vocabulary (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Gignac, Stough, & Loukomitis, 2004), it is reasonable to suppose that highly Open individuals use “big words” more often, effectively resulting in strong positive correlations for many individual words (but conversely, producing negative correlations for”
From Personality in 100,000 Words: A large-scale analysis of personality and word use among bloggers (2010) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
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“…positive relations were found to openness, extraversion, and conscientiousness and negative relations to neuroticism and depressive personality (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Bullock & Reardon, 2008; Costa, McCrae, & Holland, 1984; De Fruyt & Mervielde, 1997; Fuller, Holland, & Johnston, 1999;…”
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Lechner, C. M., Miyamoto, A., & Knopf, T. (2019) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.101378 · Cited by 32
Zajenkowski, M., Jankowski, K. S., & Stolarski, M. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1680559 · Cited by 34
The Attributes of Successful Leaders: A Performance Requirements Approach
Zaccaro, S. J., LaPort, K., & José, I. J. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398793.013.0002 · Cited by 33
Relationship between personality traits and spiritual intelligence among university students
Amrai, K., Farahani, A., Ebrahimi, M., & Bagherian, V. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.149 · Cited by 31
Interindividuelle Unterschiede im typischen intellektuellen Engagement
Wilhelm, O., Schulze, R., Schmiedek, F., & Süß, H. (2003) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026//0012-1924.49.2.49 · Cited by 31
Fruyt, F. D., Aluja, A., García, L. F., Rolland, J., & Jung, S. C. (2006) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00337.x · Cited by 29
“The majority of the studies on the personality– intelligence interface included in the meta-analysis of Ackerman and Heggestadt (1997) were North American samples.”
BackgroundSerial Cognition and Personality in Macaques
Altschul, D., Terrace, H. S., & Weiß, A. (2016) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.12966/abc.02.04.2016 · Cited by 29
“Openness in humans is modestly to moderately correlated with g (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), particularly with typical intellectual engagement and crystalized intelligence.”
BackgroundResultGutman, L. M., & Schoon, I. (2016) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-591-3_9 · Cited by 41
The Search for Personality–Intelligence Relations: Methodological and Conceptual Issues
Ackerman, P. L. (2018) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence6010002 · Cited by 30
“Ackerman and Heggestad [3] attempted to provide a meta-analytic summary of the relations between personality traits and intellectual ability traits.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationTech tilt predicts jobs, college majors, and specific abilities: Support for investment theories
Coyle, T. R. (2019) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.04.002 · Cited by 34
Kumari, S., Chandra, B., & Pattanayak, J. K. (2019) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-11-2018-0635 · Cited by 43
The association between intelligence and financial literacy: A conceptual and meta-analytic review
Callis, Z., Gerrans, P., Walker, D. L., & Gignac, G. E. (2023) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2023.101781 · Cited by 39
Vocational interests of gifted adolescents
Sparfeldt, J. R. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.010 · Cited by 30
A Review of the Cross-Cultural Equivalence of Frequently used Personality Inventories
Rossier, J. (2005) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-005-8798-x · Cited by 30
“Implications for personality assessment with culturally diverse populations Personality assessment is a useful supplement to vocational interests and ability assessment (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Sullivan & Hansen, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialE-learners’ personality identifying using their network behaviors
Ghorbani, F., & Montazer, G. A. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.043 · Cited by 30
“The relationship between academic performance and personality traits has been described by Ackerman and his co-worker (Ackerman, 1999; Ackerman & Beier, 2002; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Goff & Ackerman, 1992).”
BackgroundAre Parents Accurate Reporters of Their Child's Cognitive Abilities?
Waschbusch, D. A., Daleiden, E. L., & Drabman, R. S. (2000) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1007576515188 · Cited by 30
Methods for Studying the Structure of Expertise: Psychometric Approaches
Ackerman, P. L., & Beier, M. E. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816796.009 · Cited by 30
Self-citationSimon, S. S., Lee, S., & Stern, Y. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12548 · Cited by 34
“For instance, Extraversion has been positively (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Austin et al., 2002; Schaie, Willis, & Caskie, 2004) and negatively related to intelligence, reasoning and verbal ability (Baker & Bichsel, 2006; Graham & Lachman, 2014; Mccrae, 1987; Moutafi et al., 2003; Moutafi, Furnham,…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe future of intelligence: The role of specific abilities
Coyle, T. R., & Greiff, S. (2021) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2021.101549 · Cited by 39
Intelligence and Its Relationship to Achievement
Kaya, F., Juntune, J. E., & Stough, L. M. (2015) · İlköğretim Online · doi:10.17051/io.2015.25436 · Cited by 39
von Soest, T., Kvalem, I. L., Skolleborg, K. C., & Roald, H. E. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07.001 · Cited by 31
“Furthermore, they prefer jobs that are described as social or enterprising, such as teaching or business management (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), have an increased likelihood to assume leadership roles in various settings (Anderson, John, Keltner, & Kring, 2001), and they enjoy higher social status…”
BackgroundHabilidades básicas e desempenho acadêmico em universitários ingressantes
Primi, R., dos Santos, A. A. A., & Vendramini, C. M. M. (2002) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.1590/s1413-294x2002000100006 · Cited by 29
Long‐Term Effects of an Extensive Cognitive Training on Personality Development
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“In their meta-analysis, Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) show that Openness is more strongly related to crystallized abilities (e.”
BackgroundPersonality, Education, and Health-Related Outcomes of High-Ability Individuals
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“The possible exception is Openness, which is known to be linked to IQ, unlike other personality traits (Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997; DeYoung et al., 2005).”
Desenvolvimento de um inventário de levantamento das dificuldades da decisão profissional
Primi, R., Munhoz, A. M. H., Bighetti, C. A., et al. (2000) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722000000300013 · Cited by 29
Beyond fluid intelligence and personality traits in scholastic success: Trait emotional intelligence
Fabio, A. D., & Palazzeschi, L. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.04.001 · Cited by 39
“…Rothstein, Paunonen, Rush, & King, 1994; Wolfe & Johnson, 1995) and Openness to experience (De Fruyt & Mervielde, 1996; Rothstein et al., 1994) as well as inverse relationships with Neuroticism (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; De Raad & Schouwenburg, 1996) and Agreeableness (Rothstein et al., 1994).”
BackgroundExploring Academic Performance: Looking beyond Numerical Grades
Sanz, N. M., Rodrigo Inés, G., Cristina, I. G., & Patricia, A. P. (2017) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2017.050703 · Cited by 27
Computer-Based Collaborative Problem Solving in PISA 2015 and the Role of Personality
Stadler, M. J., Herborn, K., Mustafić, M., & Greiff, S. (2019) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence7030015 · Cited by 28
“Only some facets of agreeableness have exhibited effects on cognitive ability, including a negative effect for aggressiveness [13], and positive effects for emotional perception and facilitation [45].”
BackgroundPersonality and games: enhancing online surveys through gamification
Triantoro, T., Gopal, R. D., Benbunan‐Fich, R., & Lang, G. (2020) · Information Technology and Management · doi:10.1007/s10799-020-00314-4 · Cited by 30
McKinney, J. L., Chang, M., & Glassmeyer, D. (2021) · Journal for STEM Education Research · doi:10.1007/s41979-021-00050-6 · Cited by 30
Wood, P. Q., & Englert, P. (2009) · Australasian Journal of Organisational Psychology · doi:10.1375/ajop.2.1.19 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1997-03
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 219-245
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2093371949
- Semantic Scholar
- de9d16d02fc6cd75679a94f29181ba274bc8e3c5
- Cited by
- 1,829
- References
- 241
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 93
- FWCI
- 27.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- intelligence, personality, career interest, social characteristics
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aspirations, Psychological, Career Choice, Child, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Motivation, Personality, Personality Development
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