Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits

“Personality changes may follow because people come to see themselves differently (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997) and develop a tendency to seek more difficult tasks in the future (Locke & Latham, 2006).”

“One of the advantages to personality tests is that they are relatively uncorrelated with cognitive tests (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997) and therefore have potential to explain additional criterion variance (e.g., Schmidt & Hunter, 1998).”

“The integrative trait-complex approach by Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) encompassing cognitive, affective, and motivational variables is very inclusive and has indeed proven useful in predicting both grades and attrition rates in tertiary education (Ackerman, Kanfer, & Beier, 2013).”

“…found to covary with different motivational propensities in both education and the world of work, which may in turn have implications for commitment to developing expertise in high level STEM arenas (Ackerman, 1996; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Schmidt, Lubinski, & Benbow, 1998; Webb et al., 2007).”

“This assumption is supported by the empirically demonstrated connection between cognitive ability and the tendency to engage in analytic processing ( Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996).”

“Values below the diagonal are from tasks of low complexity; values above the diagonal are from tasks of high complexity. bReported in Ackerman & Heggestad (1997). cReported in this study. dReported in Schmidt & Hunter (1998). eReported in Mount & Barrick (1995). fReported in Stajkovic & Luthans…”

“Based on a meta-analysis of over 100 studies, Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) reported that achievement was positively related to spatial ability, verbal fluency, and mathematical ability.”

“Although scores on traditional measures of intelligence correlate with openness to experience around .3 (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; DeYoung, 2011), psychometric intelligence and working memory are more strongly related to Intellect than Openness (DeYoung, Quilty, Peterson, & Gray, 2013; DeYoung et…”

“This is the primary reason why interests are predictive of human behaviors in particular environments, and why interest categories have been proposed as a framework for organizing and integrating individual-difference variables (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Armstrong, Day, McVay, & Rounds, 2008).”

“…need for cognition (see Smith & Levin, 1996), are more likely to deeply comprehend the problem (an assumption for which there is some evidence, see Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Baron, 1985; Carroll, 1993) then according to Slovic and Tversky’s (1974) understanding/acceptance principle, we might…”

“As might be expected, anxiety is also correlated with other predictors of academic achievement such as intelligence, r0−0.33 (Ackerman and Heggestad 1997), and neuroticism, r00.”

“…EI (or cognitive-emotional ability) takes into consideration the psychometric distinction between measures of typical and maximal performance (e.g., Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Cronbach, 1949), with particular emphasis on its implications for the conceptualization of emotion-related individual…”

“Empirical studies, however, have typically found only a modest correlation between measures of personality and intelligence (Eysenck, 1994; Goff & Ackerman, 1992; Zeidner, 1995; for a metareview see Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”

“…differences in personality, an increasing number of studies reported significant correlations between personality and intelligence measures (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Austin et al., 2002; Austin, Hofer, Deary, & Eber, 2000; Brand, 1994; Chamorro-Premuzic, Moutafi, & Furnham, 2005;…”

“…reasoning is need for cognition—a dispositional construct encompassing the tendency toward thoughtful analysis, intellectual engagement, the desire for understanding, and the tendency toward thorough information processing (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996).”

“Perhaps we also come to understand how it should be nurtured. o4 51 Intellectual Development: TWA Informed by PPIK Theory Ackerman (1996; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997) has proposedan intriguing modelof adult intellectual developmentthat is relevant to our discussion.”

“In particular, the relationship between Openness to Experience and intelligence has been the focus of much research (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; DeYoung, Peterson, & Higgins, 2005).”

“(Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”

“Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) conducted a meta-analysis, based on 135 separate studies, in order to investigate the relationship between cognitive ability (i.”

“…traits, personality traits, and both knowledge and abilities, consistent with the PPIK theory (Ackerman, 1996) and the recent meta-analysis by Ackerman and Heggestad (1997), as follows: a. Artistic interests were predicted to have the highest correlations with knowledge in arts and…”

“That is, following Ackerman (1996; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997) or R. E. Snow (1994; R. E. Snow, Corno, & Jackson, 1996), respectively, what “trait clusters” or “aptitude complexes” are formed by the salient weights derived from these DFAs in the prediction of these criteria?”

“GENERAL INTELLIGENCE AND OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE Research in personality psychology has shown that one of the Five-Factor Model personality factors — openness to experience — is significantly positively correlated with intelligence (Ackerman and Heggestad 1997).”

“In line, Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) conducted an extensive metaanalysis of the correlations among personality traits and vocational interests, obtaining separated clusters or trait complexes for science/math on one hand, and intellectual/cultural on the other.”

“Broadbent concludes that there are advantages for introverts, whereas a meta-analysis by Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) concludes advantages for extroverts.”

“This may, at first, seem surprising given that Openness has often been found to be significantly correlated with intelligence ( Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Zeidner & Matthews, 2000).”

“In some theories (i.e., Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997) it is argued that interests―which derive from self-concept―bring about investment of effort and lead to achievement.”

“This third cognitive requirement—the tendency of the reflective mind to override the autonomous mind—is only mildly correlated with algorithmic-level cognitive capacity (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Bates & Shieles, 2003; Cacioppo et al., 1996; Fleischhauer et al., 2010; Noftle & Robins, 2007).”

“…vocational interests, personality, and abilities form different “trait complexes,” with different personality profiles of individuals active in different domains (social, scientific, clerical, cultural; Ackerman, 1996; Ackerman, Chamorro-Premuzic, & Furnham, 2011; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”

“In addition, through examination of the relations among ability traits, personality traits, and interests (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), the concept of “trait complexes” was introduced, to account for combinations of traits that appear to be facilitative or impeding factors in the development of…”

“Indeed, Openness correlates positively with an individual’s typical level of intellectual engagement in activities and with cognitive ability measures (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”

“…settings for extraversion and agreeableness (Mount et al., 1998; Salgado & Táuriz, 2014) and intellectual or creative settings for openness (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Puryear et al., 2017)— we anticipated that each would exert a smaller overall association with performance than…”

“…findings concerning the relationship between intelligence and personality are that intelligence is negatively correlated with Neuroticism (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Furnham et al., 1998a; Moutafi et al., 2003; Zeidner & Matthews, 2000) and positively correlated with Openness to…”

“For example, Ackerman’s PPIK theory, integrates intelligence-asprocess (e.g., g), personality, interest, and intelligence-as-knowledge (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”

“Despite the fact that Openness/Intellect is the one Big Five trait positively associated with intelligence (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; DeYoung, 2011), the exploratory tendency that Openness/ Intellect shares with Extraversion appears to be independent of intelligence (DeYoung et al., 2005, 2008).”

“…performance: academic periods LODJ 30,6 510 While mental abilities factors have usually been treated as distinct from personality factors (Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham, 2006), there is recent evidence that the two are more closely related than previously thought (Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997).”

“This study is based on the distinction between trait emotional intelligence (trait EI or ‘‘trait emotional self-efficacy’’) and ability EI (or ‘‘cognitive-emotional ability’’), proposed by Petrides and colleagues and reflecting the fundamental distinction in differential psychology between typical and maximal performa…”

“…to be largely independent of mental abilities, because most of the traits in Grasmick et al.’s scale are at best loosely related to intelligence (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997) and, for behavioral measures, the typical intelligence decrement found for criminals appears to be mainly due to…”

“Personality variables correlate at low levels with cognitive ability (see Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; McHenry et al., 1990; and Ones, Viswesvaran, & Reiss, 1996, for estimates of these correlations), affording the possibility for incremental validity.”

“…intelligence, has been reported for openness to ideas (Moutafi et al., 2006), need for cognition (Cacioppo, Petty, Kao, & Rodriguez, 1986), and typical intellectual engagement (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), and similar hypothesis regarding the development of these constructs have been proposed.”

“Relations between cognitive ability and the personality characteristic of openness have been reported before (e.g., Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Ashton, Lee, & Vernon, 2000) and appear to reflect a tendency for higher functioning individuals to be more intellectually curious and flexible.”

“Other work might suggest reciprocal development of vocational interests and motivation (e.g., interests affect motivation to attempt a task, and unsuccessful attempts may decrease interest in the task; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”

“Many diff erent studies involving thousands of subjects (e.g., Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Austin & Deary, 2002; Baron, 1982; Bates & Shieles, 2003; Cacioppo et al., 1996; Eysenck, 1994; Goff & Ackerman, 1992; Kanazawa, 2004; Kokis et al., 2002; Zeidner & Matthews, 2000) have indicated that…”

“Of the six vocational interests, Realistic and Investigative interests show the highest positive correlations with measures of cognitive ability ( Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997 ), which suggests that both would lead to attract individuals to the college setting; however our sense is that with regard to fit in college, th…”

“We believed that potential applicants with this trait would possess higher creativity (Kuncel, Hezlett, & Ones, 2004) and higher openness to experience (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997) and thus be more attracted to an innovative company.”

“Exceptions to this general rule include Ackerman (1997), Ackerman and Heggestad (1997), Deary, Whiteman, Starr, Whalley, and Fox (2004), Deary (2008), Deary et al. (2013), DeYoung (2014), Ferriman, Lubinski, and Benbow (2009), Gottfredson (1997), Lubinski and Benbow (2000), Lubinski, Webb,…”

“Cognitively demanding activities such as technology use were most strongly related to cognitive functioning (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Hultsch et al., 1999).”

“…Day, McVay, & Rounds, 2008), but associations (Realistic/Investigative—quantitative, Artistic—verbal, Conventional—clerical/perceptual speed) are modest and vary by gender, while some interests show overall weak associations with abilities (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Pä ler & Hell, 2012).”

“Psychometricians have long distinguished typical performance situations from optimal (sometimes termed maximal) performance situations (Ackerman, 1994, 1996; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Ackerman & Kanfer, 2004; Cronbach, 1949; Matthews, Zeidner, & Roberts, 2002).”

“…such as Conscientiousness and Openness, are associated with higher cognitive performance, whereas traits such as Neuroticism and Psychoticism are negatively associated with intelligence (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Chamorro-Premuzic, Furnham, & Ackerman, 2006; Schaie, Willis, & Caskie, 2004).”

“…failure to account for individual differences in ability may be justified by the fact that, Openness aside, there is only a modest overlap between personality and intelligence measures (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Chamorro-Premuzic & Furnham, 2005; Eysenck, 1994; McCrae & Costa, 1997a).”