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Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits
Abstract
The authors review the development of the modern paradigm for intelligence assessment and application and consider the differentiation between intelligence-as-maximal performance and intelligence-as-typical performance. They review theories of intelligence, personality, and interest as a means to establish potential overlap. Consideration of intelligence-as-typical performance provides a basis for evaluation of intelligence-personality and intelligence-interest relations. Evaluation of relations among personality constructs, vocational interests, and intellectual abilities provides evidence for communality across the domains of personality of J. L. Holland's (1959) model of vocational interests. The authors provide an extensive meta-analysis of personality-intellectual ability correlations, and a review of interest-intellectual ability associations. They identify 4 trait complexes: social, clerical/conventional, science/math, and intellectual/cultural.
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In the citing paper
“Openness-related traits are widely acknowledged correlates of cognitive abilities (17).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Second, investment of intelligence into acquired knowledge (i.e., invested abilities) was found to require a hungry mind (i.e., openness traits) and interest in the domain of knowledge to be acquired (17, 19).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“A few meta-analyses have summarized available research (e.g., refs. 17–21).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Although considerable research has examined the correlates and consequences of cognitive abilities and personality traits independently, much less is known about their connections.”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“This investment process underpins the emergence of knowledge acquisition trait complexes (17) and intellectual engagement (19).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Thus, invested abilities displayed larger relations with openness traits, especially its intellect, non traditional,* need for cognition, and openness to ideas facets.”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“First, cognitive abilities were moderately associated with a variety of openness-related traits (17, 19) but appeared to have weak relations with other personality characteristics (18).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“In contrast to previous meta-analyses that reported mostly null effects for extraversion–abilities relations (17, 18), our larger dataset and more nuanced construct structures revealed previously unacknowledged relations.”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Overall, these intellect-related traits’ relations were in line with previous meta-analytic estimates (17, 19) (mean ρ^ = .21, mean 95% CI [.13, .29])”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Openness to Experience, however, is the only Big Five factor with moderate associations with general intelligence ( 0.33 r in a meta-analysis by Ackerman and Heggestad [1997])”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad [1997]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis conducted by Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) found generally positive relationships with extraversion across ten intelligence traits.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Results from a meta-analysis between personality and intelligence conducted by Ackerman and Heggestad (1997), however, found relatively consistent modest positive relations between extraversion and intelligence.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Their findings, shown in Table 2, indicate a positive relationship of the estimated effect sizes for extraversion across the ability categories ranging from 0.05 to 0.14 (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“The pervasive decrease in the estimated effect sizes in the current study compared to the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) results provides initial support for this hypothesis.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad (1997)
In the citing paper
“Consistent with past research (Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997; Zeidner and Matthews, 2000; Zeidner, 1995), all of the estimated effect sizes were close to zero.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“A closer comparison with the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) results reveals that most of the estimated effect sizes from the current study are slightly smaller (compare Table 2 and Table 9).”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Exclusion criteria were designed to retain studies useful in the present meta-analysis and consistent with the studies used in the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) meta-analysis to avoid a selection confound.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“For example, about 27 additional studies (an average increase of 60%) were located beyond those located in the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) meta-analysis for the three most studied ability-personality combinations (extraversion crossed with crystallized intelligence, general intelligence, and fluid intelligence).”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Similar to the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) meta-analysis, the extraversion-intelligence relationship was slightly positive, and different patterns of relationships were found for social closeness and social potency.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad (1997)
In the citing paper
“Almost universally, the estimated effects sizes in the current study were less than the estimated effect sizes in the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) meta-analysis, and almost universally, the correlations of the extraversion-intelligence association and date of publication for the ability-personality categories were negative.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad (1997)
In the citing paper
“Also, vocational interests are related to cognitive abilities (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), self-efficacy beliefs (Rottinghaus et al., 2003), values and goals (Stoll et al., 2020).”
From The German O*NET Interest Profiler Short Form (2023) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“All tests of intelligence or cognitive aptitude are optimal performance assessments, whereas measures of thinking dispositions are often assessed under typical performance conditions (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997;Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996;Norris & Ennis, 1989;Perkins, 1995;Sternberg, 2003;Zeidner & Matthews, 2000).”
From The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks (2011) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Moreover, because Openness is positively correlated with a broad range of cognitive abilities, including vocabulary (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Gignac, Stough, & Loukomitis, 2004), it is reasonable to suppose that highly Open individuals use “big words” more often, effectively resulting in strong positive correlations for many individual words (but conversely, producing negative correlations for”
From Personality in 100,000 Words: A large-scale analysis of personality and word use among bloggers (2010) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
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“Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) explicitly excluded from their meta-analysis all studies that involved “developmental assessments (e.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPersonality, Motivation, and College Readiness: A Prospectus for Assessment and Development
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“This table shares common themes with Ackerman and Heggestad (1997), who identified such links (and those also shared with cognitive ability) as trait complexes.”
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“Conscientiousness has consistently been found to predict academic achievement from preschool (Abe, 2005) through high school (Noftle & Robins, 2007), the postsecondary level (O’Connor & Paunonen, 2007) and adulthood (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; De Fruyt & Mervielde, 1996; Shiner et al., 2003).”
BackgroundStieger, M., Wepfer, S., Rüegger, D., Kowatsch, T., Roberts, B. W., & Allemand, M. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2267 · Cited by 103
“For example, openness has been linked to academic achievement (O’Connor & Paunonen, 2007), intellectual engagement (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Hogan, Staff, Bunting, Deary, & Whalley, 2012), learning (von Stumm, 2018), and creative achievement in the arts and sciences (Kaufman et al., 2016).”
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“In terms of the current efforts to integrate the individual differences underlying academic and work performance (see Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; ChamorroPremuzic & Furnham, 2004, 2005), the implications of the present results are of theoretical importance.”
BackgroundAn Evolutionary Perspective on Learning Disability in Mathematics
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“These dimensions, in turn, are related to patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses and influence occupational choices (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; D. Campbell & Holland, 1972; Lubinski & Benbow, 2000).”
BackgroundLinking Genes and Political Orientations: Testing the Cognitive Ability as Mediator Hypothesis
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“Moreover, several studies report evidence of a strong positive link between intelligence and personality traits, especially openness to experience (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Bratko, Butkovic, Vukasovic, Chamorro-Premuzic, & von Stumm, 2012; Moutafi, Furnham, & Crump, 2006; Moutafi, Furnham, &…”
Testing the differentiation of personality by intelligence hypothesis
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“…and certain personality (i.e., openness to experience and extraversion) are significantly correlated with each other and with leadership effectiveness (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Judge, Jackson, Shaw, Scott, & Rich, 2007; Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002; Judge, Colbert, & Ilies, 2004).”
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“Similar associations have been reported in the literature (for culture and IQ see Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997, and Ashton, Lee, Vernon, & Lang, 2000; for sociability and crystallized intelligence see Rolfhus & Ackerman, 1999).”
ResultWhen IQ is not everything: Intelligence, personality and academic performance at school
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“For example, a meta-analysis by Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) found that the strongest links between everything: Intelligence, personality and academic performance at school.”
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“Empirical studies using concurrent personality and intelligence test scores have demonstrated that Openness to Experience yields higher correlations with intelligence measures than the other FFM dimensions (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; McCrae & Costa, 1985).”
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“Vocational interests are related to other forms of individual differences, importantly personality traits and cognitive abilities (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”
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“Ackerman & Heggestad (1997) have proposed ’trait complexes’ of mixes of abilities and interests and suggest that abilities, interests, and personality develop in tandem, such that ability level and personality dispositions determine the probability of success in a particular task domain, and…”
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“Indirect evidence from research on the relation between the Big Five and Holland’s (1985) vocational types is provided by Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) and De Fruyt and Mervielde (1997), who found Extraversion to be significantly related to scores on the Social interest theme.”
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“When considering linear associations, the results were mixed but consistent in the majority of cases with previous findings on intelligence-personality associations in samples of the general population (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Wolf & Ackerman, 2005; DeYoung, 2011; Moutafi et al., 2005).”
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“…2004; Vernon, 1990). ii) Studies have shown that while Neuroticism and g negatively correlate only very weakly in meta-analysis (r .15, p .05) (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), with the distinct possibility that this is an artifact of test anxiety (Hembree, 1988; Zeider, 1998), high levels of…”
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Ability and personality correlates of general knowledge
Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., Furnham, A. F., & Ackerman, P. L. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.036 · Cited by 89
“The second and larger issue may be that, according to the evidence derived from large-scale studies ( Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997 ), Neuroticism is negatively correlated with both gf and gc, so that the effect is more general than simply impeding the development of GK. Again, this was not the case in the present sample…”
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“The correlations in column 1 between General Mental Ability and the four personality variables were reported in Ackerman and Heggestad (1997). The values reported there are fully corrected for measurement error in both variables.”
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“The relation between Openness to Experience and course performance may be due to the variance common to the openness and cognitive measures ( Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997 ).”
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“Consequently, it has been found to be correlated with intelligence (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997) and creativity (McCrae, 1987; Silvia, Nusbaum, Berg, Martin, & O’Connor, 2009; Silvia et al., 2008).”
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“Another angle to approach the questions posed in this section is to look at the work of Ackerman (1996; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; von Strumm & Ackerman, 2013).”
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“Although this requirement is realistic for the intercorrelations between GMA and the Big Five (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), it seems less realistic for the intercorrelations among the Big Five traits.”
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“Recently, Ackerman and Beier (2003; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997 ) considered measures derived from cognitive, motivational, and affective domains to form trait complexes that reflected differences in choice of four broad university major fields of study (i.e., physical sciences, social sciences, arts and humanities, an…”
BackgroundInfluentialPersonality traits prospectively predict verbal fluency in a lifespan sample.
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“Although personality is weakly related to general measures of intelligence (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Beauducel, Liepmann, Felfe, & Nettelnstroth, 2007), characteristics of the traits may contribute to performance on specific cognitive tasks.”
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“One of the most exhaustive research projects on the relationships between intelligence and personality was carried out by Ackerman and Heggestad (1997), using meta-analysis.”
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“The last decade has brought renewed interest for investigating the association between intelligence and personality (e.g., Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997; Austin et al., 2002; Saklofske and Zeidner, 1995; Sternberg and Ruzgis, 1994; Wolf and Ackerman, 2005; Zeidner and Matthews, 2000).”
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“In some studies, Openness correlated more strongly with verbal/crystallized (Gc) than spatial/fluid (Gf) intelligence ( Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997 ; Ashton et al, 2000 ; Bates & Shieles, 2003 ; Goff & Ackerman, 1992 ).”
Openness to experience, intelligence, and successful ageing
Gregory, T., Nettelbeck, T., & Wilson, C. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.017 · Cited by 81
Does homework behavior mediate the relation between personality and academic performance?
Lubbers, M. J., van der Werf, G. P. C., Kuyper, H., & Hendriks, A. A. J. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2010.01.005 · Cited by 78
Why I believe I achieve determines whether I achieve
Siegle, D., McCoach, D., & Roberts, A. (2017) · High Ability Studies · doi:10.1080/13598139.2017.1302873 · Cited by 69
“Students high in NFC are more likely to engage in learning processes, engage in complex thinking activities (Meier et al., 2014), and earn higher school grades (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Preckel et al., 2006).”
BackgroundReisenzein, R., & Weber, H. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.007 · Cited by 84
Montag, C., Jurkiewicz, M., & Reuter, M. (2012) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152712800672382 · Cited by 83
“Of course cognition and intelligence represent another important aspect of personality [30], but this will not be discussed in the present review article.”
BackgroundEstimating one's own personality and intelligence scores
Furnham, A. F., & Chamorro‐Premuzic, T. (2004) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712604773952395 · Cited by 81
“Nevertheless, it would have been necessary to examine other ability tests (particularly crystallized measures such as general knowledge or vocabulary; see Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997 ) as correlates of Openness to Experience, since these tests may account for several individual differences, such as intellectual curiosi…”
BackgroundInfluentialIntellectual curiosity may not incrementally predict academic success
Powell, C., & Nettelbeck, T. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.045 · Cited by 78
Cognitive Investments in Academic Success: The Role of Need for Cognition at University
Grass, J., Strobel, A., & Strobel, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00790 · Cited by 77
“…academic performance INTRODUCTION In decades of research, comprehensive studies have shown that intelligence as maximum cognitive performance (see Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997) is one if not the most relevant predictor concerning academic achievement and success in educational and work…”
BackgroundInfluentialFabio, A. D., & Busoni, L. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.025 · Cited by 84
“…information that can be disclosed by the Big Five, in that the model’s five characteristics encompass many of the more important personality traits (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Chamorro-Premuzic & Furnham, 2003; De Raad, 1996; De Raad & Schouwenburg, 1996; Furnham & Chamorro-Premuzic, 2004;…”
BackgroundIndividual differences in cognitive biases: Evidence against one-factor theory of rationality
Teovanović, P., Knežević, G., & Stankov, L. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.02.008 · Cited by 77
Relationships between Personality and Cognitive Ability: A Facet-Level Analysis
Rammstedt, B., Lechner, C. M., & Danner, D. (2018) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence6020028 · Cited by 77
“, [6]) have demonstrated that there are robust—albeit only modest—associations between several of the Big Five personality traits and measures of cognitive ability.”
BackgroundMethodIntellectual competence and academic performance: Preliminary validation of a model
Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., & Arteche, A. X. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.01.001 · Cited by 85
Does IQ Really Predict Job Performance?
Richardson, K., & Norgate, S. (2015) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2014.983635 · Cited by 91
“Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) reported a correlation of r1⁄4 0.33 between test anxiety and performance. Raven, Raven, and Court (1993, p. G14) note how fatigue, ill health and stress affect speed and accuracy on the RPM. In a meta-analysis Duckworth, Quinn, Lynamc, Loeberd, and Stouthamer-Loeberd (2010) showed that, a…”
BackgroundInfluentialBratko, D., Butković, A., Hlupić, T. V., Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., & von Stumm, S. (2012) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.02.001 · Cited by 78
“The results suggested that associations between Conscientiousness and intelligence, which are typically close to zero (e.g. Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), stemmed primarily from a common genetic factor (Luciano et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBrown, M. I., Wai, J., & Chabris, C. F. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620964122 · Cited by 88
Personality and preference for academic assessment: A study with Australian University students
Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., Furnham, A. F., Dissou, G., & Heaven, P. C. L. (2005) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2005.02.002 · Cited by 81
Cognitive Ability and Non-Ability Trait Determinants of Expertise
Ackerman, P. L. (2003) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x032008015 · Cited by 78
“From Ackerman and Heggestad (1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationINCREMENTAL VALIDITY OF PERCEPTUAL SPEED AND ACCURACY OVER GENERAL MENTAL ABILITY
Mount, M. K., Oh, I., & Burns, M. J. (2008) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00107.x · Cited by 86
Cognitive capitalism human capital and the wellbeing of nations
Rindermann, H. (2018) · Cited by 77
Fonteyne, L., Duyck, W., & Fruyt, F. D. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.05.003 · Cited by 96
Personality traits and career satisfaction of human resource professionals
Lounsbury, J. W., Steel, R. P., Gibson, L. W., & Drost, A. W. (2008) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678860802261215 · Cited by 76
“Traditionally, vocational-choice models have employed self-reports of personal interests as markers of occupational preference ( Ackerman and Heggestad 1997 ).”
BackgroundThe role of activity engagement in the relations between Openness/Intellect and cognition
Soubelet, A., & Salthouse, T. A. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.026 · Cited by 74
“…of personality and cognitive functioning is that between the personality dimension of Openness/Intellect and various measures of cognition (e.g., Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; DeYoung, Peterson, & Higgins, 2005; Fleischhauer et al., 2010; Gow, Whiteman, Pattie, & Deary, 2005; Gregory, Nettelbeck,…”
BackgroundDeterminants of domain knowledge and independent study learning in an adult sample.
Ackerman, P. L., & Beier, M. E. (2006) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.2.366 · Cited by 74
Self-citationAckerman, P. L., Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. F. (2010) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709910x522564 · Cited by 74
Self-citationIntelligence and interpersonal sensitivity: A meta-analysis
Murphy, N. A., & Hall, J. A. (2011) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.10.001 · Cited by 73
“…intelligence is signi fi cantly correlated with a variety of personality characteristics including empathy (Ford & Tisak, 1983), stability (Furnham, Forde, & Cotter, 1998), openness and extraversion (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), and fl exibility, self-esteem, and political concern (Schaie, 2005).”
Facets of conscientiousness and their differential relationships with cognitive ability factors
Rikoon, S. H., Brenneman, M. W., Kim, L. E., Khorramdel, L., MacCann, C., Burrus, J. T., & Roberts, R. D. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.01.002 · Cited by 82
“…containing the correlation between cognitive ability and conscientiousness, where similar findings were reported by way of the relationship between cognitive ability and conscientiousness appearing small in magnitude (q = .05 to .08; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; von Stumm et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe psychometric properties of the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale
Jonker, C., & Vosloo, C. (2008) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v34i2.689 · Cited by 86
The fit of Holland’s RIASEC model to US occupations
Deng, C.-P., Armstrong, P. I., & Rounds, J. (2007) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.04.002 · Cited by 75
“These studies and others (e.g., Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Mount, Barrick, Scullen, & Rounds, 2005) demonstrate that interest structures form the base for understanding how personality traits, values, and abilities are interrelated.”
BackgroundIntegrating Personality Psychology into Economics
Heckman, J. J. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17378 · Cited by 75
Shenassa, E. D., Paradis, A. D., Dolan, S. L., Wilhelm, C. S., & Buka, S. L. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03571.x · Cited by 72
“Since lower IQ may predict risk of impulsive behaviors [42] we controlled for this covariate in our models.”
Spengler, M., Lüdtke, O., Martin, R., & Brunner, M. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.05.008 · Cited by 77
“Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) reviewed the relation between cognitive abilities and personality in their meta-analysis.”
Backgroundde Koning, B. B., Loyens, S. M. M., Rikers, R. M. J. P., Smeets, G., & van der Molen, H. T. (2012) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.01.003 · Cited by 84
Eilam, B., Zeidner, M., & Aharon, I. (2009) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20387 · Cited by 79
Priming Competence Diminishes the Link Between Cognitive Test Anxiety and Test Performance
Lang, J. W. B., & Lang, J. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610369492 · Cited by 85
“Test anxiety is a relatively stable trait and associated with test performance in a wide variety of testing situations, such as school examinations, scholastic-achievement tests, and intelligence tests (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Hembree, 1988; Zeidner, 1998).”
BackgroundOpenness, intelligence, and self-report intelligence
Gignac, G. E. (2003) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2003.10.005 · Cited by 71
“Absent from Ackerman and Heggestad’s (1997) meta-analysis is Holland, Dollinger, Holland, and MacDonald’s (1995) study, which found Openness to be related equally to both verbal and performance IQ.”
MethodPauls, C. A., & Crost, N. W. (2005) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001.26.4.194 · Cited by 70
Personality facets and RIASEC interests: An integrated model
Armstrong, P. I., & Anthoney, S. F. (2009) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.05.004 · Cited by 69
Art Judgment: A Measure Related to Both Personality and Intelligence?
Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. F. (2004) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/u4lw-th9x-80m3-nj54 · Cited by 69
Time to be smart: Uncovering a complex interplay between intelligence and time perspectives
Zajenkowski, M., Stolarski, M., Maciantowicz, O., Malesza, M., & Witowska, J. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.06.002 · Cited by 77
“For instance, it has been shown that neuroticism is negatively correlated with intelligence (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), and IQ test anxiety may be an explanation for this result.”
BackgroundLuong, C., Strobel, A., Wollschläger, R., Greiff, S., Vainikainen, M.-P., & Preckel, F. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.10.019 · Cited by 71
“According to the Investment Theory (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), personality traits such as NFC determine how individuals invest their cognitive resources and how they deal with cognitively challenging material.”
BackgroundMethodStanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2011) · The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977244.040 · Cited by 77
Predicting Achievement in Mathematics in Adolescent Students
Levpušček, M. P., Zupančič, M., & Sočan, G. (2012) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431612450949 · Cited by 85
“…not include student intelligence and personality traits which, some authors define as key individual factors contributing to academic achievement (Ackerman & Haggestad, 1997; Bratko, Chamorro-Premuzic, & Saks, 2006; Chamorro-Premuzic & Furnham, 2005, 2006; Laidra, Pullmann, & Allik, 2007;…”
BackgroundPersonality traits, facets and cognitive performance: Age differences in their relations
Graham, E. K., & Lachman, M. E. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.011 · Cited by 70
“Some argue that personality and cognition represent overlapping constructs (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”
BackgroundPersonality predicts prospective memory task performance: An adult lifespan study
Cuttler, C., & Graf, P. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00570.x · Cited by 67
Personality and intelligence as predictors of economic behaviour in Scottish farmers
Austin, E. J., Deary, I. J., & Willock, J. (2001) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.421 · Cited by 70
Curzon, P., Bell, T., Waite, J., & Dorling, M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108654555.018 · Cited by 85
What Makes You Think You're so Smart?
Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., & Vernon, P. A. (2008) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001.29.1.35 · Cited by 67
Metadata
- Authors
- Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1997-03
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 219-245
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2093371949
- Semantic Scholar
- de9d16d02fc6cd75679a94f29181ba274bc8e3c5
- Cited by
- 1,829
- References
- 241
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 93
- FWCI
- 27.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- intelligence, personality, career interest, social characteristics
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aspirations, Psychological, Career Choice, Child, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Motivation, Personality, Personality Development
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