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Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits
Abstract
The authors review the development of the modern paradigm for intelligence assessment and application and consider the differentiation between intelligence-as-maximal performance and intelligence-as-typical performance. They review theories of intelligence, personality, and interest as a means to establish potential overlap. Consideration of intelligence-as-typical performance provides a basis for evaluation of intelligence-personality and intelligence-interest relations. Evaluation of relations among personality constructs, vocational interests, and intellectual abilities provides evidence for communality across the domains of personality of J. L. Holland's (1959) model of vocational interests. The authors provide an extensive meta-analysis of personality-intellectual ability correlations, and a review of interest-intellectual ability associations. They identify 4 trait complexes: social, clerical/conventional, science/math, and intellectual/cultural.
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In the citing paper
“Openness-related traits are widely acknowledged correlates of cognitive abilities (17).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Second, investment of intelligence into acquired knowledge (i.e., invested abilities) was found to require a hungry mind (i.e., openness traits) and interest in the domain of knowledge to be acquired (17, 19).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“A few meta-analyses have summarized available research (e.g., refs. 17–21).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Although considerable research has examined the correlates and consequences of cognitive abilities and personality traits independently, much less is known about their connections.”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“This investment process underpins the emergence of knowledge acquisition trait complexes (17) and intellectual engagement (19).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Thus, invested abilities displayed larger relations with openness traits, especially its intellect, non traditional,* need for cognition, and openness to ideas facets.”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“First, cognitive abilities were moderately associated with a variety of openness-related traits (17, 19) but appeared to have weak relations with other personality characteristics (18).”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“In contrast to previous meta-analyses that reported mostly null effects for extraversion–abilities relations (17, 18), our larger dataset and more nuanced construct structures revealed previously unacknowledged relations.”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Overall, these intellect-related traits’ relations were in line with previous meta-analytic estimates (17, 19) (mean ρ^ = .21, mean 95% CI [.13, .29])”
From Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Openness to Experience, however, is the only Big Five factor with moderate associations with general intelligence ( 0.33 r in a meta-analysis by Ackerman and Heggestad [1997])”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad [1997]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis conducted by Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) found generally positive relationships with extraversion across ten intelligence traits.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Results from a meta-analysis between personality and intelligence conducted by Ackerman and Heggestad (1997), however, found relatively consistent modest positive relations between extraversion and intelligence.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Their findings, shown in Table 2, indicate a positive relationship of the estimated effect sizes for extraversion across the ability categories ranging from 0.05 to 0.14 (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“The pervasive decrease in the estimated effect sizes in the current study compared to the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) results provides initial support for this hypothesis.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad (1997)
In the citing paper
“Consistent with past research (Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997; Zeidner and Matthews, 2000; Zeidner, 1995), all of the estimated effect sizes were close to zero.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“A closer comparison with the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) results reveals that most of the estimated effect sizes from the current study are slightly smaller (compare Table 2 and Table 9).”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Exclusion criteria were designed to retain studies useful in the present meta-analysis and consistent with the studies used in the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) meta-analysis to avoid a selection confound.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“For example, about 27 additional studies (an average increase of 60%) were located beyond those located in the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) meta-analysis for the three most studied ability-personality combinations (extraversion crossed with crystallized intelligence, general intelligence, and fluid intelligence).”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Similar to the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) meta-analysis, the extraversion-intelligence relationship was slightly positive, and different patterns of relationships were found for social closeness and social potency.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad (1997)
In the citing paper
“Almost universally, the estimated effects sizes in the current study were less than the estimated effect sizes in the Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) meta-analysis, and almost universally, the correlations of the extraversion-intelligence association and date of publication for the ability-personality categories were negative.”
From Extraversion and intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation (2005) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Heggestad (1997)
In the citing paper
“Also, vocational interests are related to cognitive abilities (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), self-efficacy beliefs (Rottinghaus et al., 2003), values and goals (Stoll et al., 2020).”
From The German O*NET Interest Profiler Short Form (2023) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“All tests of intelligence or cognitive aptitude are optimal performance assessments, whereas measures of thinking dispositions are often assessed under typical performance conditions (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997;Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996;Norris & Ennis, 1989;Perkins, 1995;Sternberg, 2003;Zeidner & Matthews, 2000).”
From The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks (2011) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
In the citing paper
“Moreover, because Openness is positively correlated with a broad range of cognitive abilities, including vocabulary (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Gignac, Stough, & Loukomitis, 2004), it is reasonable to suppose that highly Open individuals use “big words” more often, effectively resulting in strong positive correlations for many individual words (but conversely, producing negative correlations for”
From Personality in 100,000 Words: A large-scale analysis of personality and word use among bloggers (2010) · cites this paper as Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997
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“…where, on the one hand, many researchers have shown that gifted persons report higher expressions of learning or achievement motivation (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996; Csikszentmihalyi et al., 1997; Mönks, van Boxtel, Roelof & Sanders, 1986;…”
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“…big five personality domains relate differently to EI than to other established intelligences: EI shows the strongest link with Agreeableness, Gc shows the strongest link with Openness, whereas Gf is not strongly related to any personality domain (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Joseph & Newman, 2010).”
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“Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) have argued that the General Vocational Interest factor is related to Goff and Ackerman’s (1992) concept of typical intellectual engagement (TIE), which focuses on how typically individuals engage intellectually in their environments, that is, the amount of complexity…”
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“…specifically designed interventions often take place in controlled trial contexts that may foster a novel learning environment where most students, regardless of their need for cognition, are motivated to demonstrate maximal performance (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Fleischhauer et al., 2010).”
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“Neuroticism is related to intelligence, but the relationship is rather weak; no significant relationship was found for extraversion (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”
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“As Openness to Experience has been found to correlate with intellectual engagement (Ackerman & Goff, 1994) and intelligence (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997), open individuals could be more likely than nonopen ones to respectively seek out and retain musical knowledge.”
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“Openness tends to be significantly positively correlated with IQ scores (Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997), as it was in the current study, and negatively related to PG (e.”
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“This work has included conceptual models (e.g., Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997 ), as well as empirical reviews showing the relationships between personality and interest (Barrick, Mount, & Gupta, 2003; Larson et al., 2002; Staggs et al., in press); interest and self-efficacy (Rottinghaus, Larson, et al., 2003); and person…”
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“…find a relationship between openness to experience and intelligence in the general population, mostly with a small to medium effect size (P. L. Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; DeYoung, Quilty, Peterson, & Gray, 2014; Gignac, Stough, & Loukomitis, 2004; Harris, 2004; Moutafi, Furnham, & Crump,…”
BackgroundPersonality and Memory Conformity
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“Furthermore, both meta-analyses and more recent evidence demonstrate that openness is associated with higher intelligence, especially higher acculturated knowledge (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Ashton, Lee, Vernon, & Jang, 2000).”
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“Individuals with pronounced ‘‘social’’ interests, reflecting a desire to help others, tend to perform somewhat more poorly than other individuals in math and science.(41) Although the causal direction is unclear, differences in aptitudes may eventually translate into differences in attitudes.”
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“…and Burger 1998; Farsides and Woodfield 2003; McKenzie 1989) or even a positive relation (e.g., Broder 2003/2004; De Fruyt and Mervielde 1996, sample 1; Dollinger and Orf 1991; Halamandaris and Power 1999; see also Ackerman and Heggestad 1997, and Wolf and Ackerman 2005, for meta-analyses.)”
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“The links between academic achievement and personality as assessed by these major personality frameworks have received widespread research attention, although the impact of some of these dimensions is still debatable (e.g. Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Chamorro-Premuzic & Furnham, 2005).”
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Stolarski, M., Zajenkowski, M., & Meisenberg, G. (2013) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.11.003 · Cited by 58
What do highly narcissistic people think and feel about (their) intelligence?
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY TRAITS AND LEARNING STYLES: A CLUSTER ANALYSIS
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The personality–intelligence interface: insights from an ageing cohort
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“Typical intellectual engagement (TIE) is a construct that construes intelligence as an individuals usual level of engagement with, and understanding of, the environment ( Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Goff & Ackerman, 1992).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTest Anxiety Among College Students With Specific Reading Disability (Dyslexia)
Nelson, J. M., Lindstrom, W. A., & Foels, P. A. (2013) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219413507604 · Cited by 68
“These findings are consistent with previous research indicating negative relationships between test anxiety and these cognitive abilities (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Hembree, 1988).”
BackgroundResultLarson, L. M., Wu, T. F., Bailey, D. C., et al. (2009) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.10.007 · Cited by 58
“No hypotheses concerning traditionalism was generated based on inconsistencies in the literature (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Staggs et al., 2007).”
The History of Computing Education Research
Guzdial, M., & du Boulay, B. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108654555.002 · Cited by 66
Confused or curious? Openness/intellect predicts more positive interest-confusion relations.
Fayn, K., Silvia, P. J., Dejonckheere, E., Verdonck, S., & Kuppens, P. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000257 · Cited by 60
Working memory and the Big Five
Waris, O., Soveri, A., Lukasik, K. M., Lehtonen, M., & Laine, M. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.027 · Cited by 57
Colombo, S. L., Chiarella, S. G., Lefrançois, C., Fradin, J., Raffone, A., & Simione, L. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152014859 · Cited by 111
“…of an increased tendency to appreciate, and therefore preserve, the beauty of nature [172,174] and in terms of greater environmental knowledge linked to higher-crystallized intelligence [19,178,179], individuals with high openness traits tend to also show increased cognitive flexibility [173,180].”
Fostering Emotional and Social Intelligence in Organizations
Seal, C. R., Boyatzis, R. E., & Bailey, J. R. (2006) · Organization Management Journal · doi:10.1057/omj.2006.19 · Cited by 60
“Second, the articulation of one overall ESI might be deceptive and suggest a close association with cognitive capacity; traditionally defined “intelligence” or what psychologists often call “g” referring to general cognitive ability (Davies, Stankov & Roberts, 1998; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”
BackgroundWirthwein, L., Bergold, S., Preckel, F., & Steinmayr, R. (2019) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2019.04.003 · Cited by 63
“Correlational studies have found associations between conscientiousness and intelligence (e.g., Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997) but research has failed to find higher conscientiousness in gifted individuals compared to nongifted individuals.”
BackgroundMethodTest Anxiety in intellectually gifted school students
Zeidner, M., & Schleyer, E. J. (1999) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615809908248328 · Cited by 59
Harms, P. D., & Credé, M. (2010) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01217.x · Cited by 57
Intelligence and Substance Use
Kanazawa, S., & Hellberg, J. (2010) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021526 · Cited by 57
“Because both Openness to Experience (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997) and sensation seeking (Raine, Reynolds, Venables, & Mednick, 2002) are positively associated with general intelligence, these personality traits can serve as proximate causes of substance consumption.”
BackgroundPersonality, competencies, and life outcomes: results from the German PIAAC longitudinal study
Rammstedt, B., Danner, D., & Lechner, C. M. (2017) · Large-scale Assessments in Education · doi:10.1186/s40536-017-0035-9 · Cited by 56
“…the typically found positive linear associations between emotional stability and openness and cognitive skills and the negative association between conscientiousness and cognitive skills (Ackerman and Heggestad 1997; DeYoung 2011; Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham 2005; Von Stumm and Ackerman 2013).”
BackgroundAvis, J. M., Kudisch, J. D., & Fortunato, V. J. (2002) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1016200317002 · Cited by 56
“Indeed, research suggests that the relationship between cognitive ability and conscientiousness is negligible ( Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Ones, Viswesvaran, & Schmidt, 1993).”
BackgroundThe Utility of Career and Personality Assessment in Predicting Academic Progress
Kahn, J. H., Nauta, M. M., Gailbreath, R. D., Tipps, J., & Chartrand, J. M. (2002) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072702010001001 · Cited by 56
Hambrick, D. Z., Pink, J. E., Meinz, E. J., Pettibone, J. C., & Oswald, F. L. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.06.004 · Cited by 53
Horn, M., & Bers, M. U. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108654555.023 · Cited by 63
Retaining the Productive Employee: The Role of Personality
Li, N., Barrick, M. R., Zimmerman, R. D., & Chiaburu, D. S. (2014) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2014.890368 · Cited by 116
Cognitive Fatigue During Testing: An Examination of Trait, Time-on-Task, and Strategy Influences
Ackerman, P. L., Kanfer, R., Shapiro, S., Newton, S. H., & Beier, M. E. (2010) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2010.517720 · Cited by 56
“In an examination of communality among ability, personality, and interest constructs, Ackerman and Heggestad (1997) expanded Snow’s conceptualization to include groups of traits that may be important for a wide range of criteria, not just in the domain of learning.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPersonality and cognitive profiles of a general synesthetic trait
Rouw, R., & Scholte, H. S. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.006 · Cited by 54
“Openness has been found to correlate with intelligence measurements (Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997; Ashton et al., 2000; DeYoung, 2011; Farsides and Woodfield, 2003), thus the prediction of increased openness is not unrelated to the prediction of increased intelligence.”
BackgroundResultIs There Really a Beauty Premium or an Ugliness Penalty on Earnings?
Satoshi Kanazawa, A., & Still, M. C. (2017) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-017-9489-6 · Cited by 54
“…Thornhill & Møller, 1997) and general intelligence (Kanazawa, 2011a; Kanazawa & Kovar, 2004), and general intelligence is in turn correlated with such factors relevant to productivity as personality (Big Five personality factors) (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Chamorro-Premuzic & Furnham, 2006).”
Schmidt, D. B., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (1998) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.4.436 · Cited by 58
Models of Personality and Affect for Education: A Review and Synthesis
Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R. D. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203874790.ch8 · Cited by 54
Re‐Visiting Intelligence–Personality Associations
von Stumm, S., Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., & Ackerman, P. L. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444343120.ch8 · Cited by 57
Self-citationPersonality, age, and fluid intelligence
Furnham, A. F., & Moutafi, J. (2012) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00036.x · Cited by 54
Aharony, N. (2015) · The Electronic Library · doi:10.1108/el-09-2013-0163 · Cited by 55
von Stumm, S., Chung, A., & Furnham, A. F. (2011) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0020499 · Cited by 52
“Openness shares variance with general intelligence (e.g. Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997) and hence, the association with divergent thinking may be due to common characteristics of cognitive speed and flexibility.”
BackgroundMoreira, P., Oliveira, J. T., Cloninger, K. M., Azevedo, C., Sousa, A., Castro, J., & Cloninger, C. R. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.04.014 · Cited by 58
“014 physical agility [9-11], emotional self-regulation [7,12-14], intellectual interests and problem solving [15,16], and spirituality [17,18], as well as overall well-being [19-21], social development [22], and risk for psychiatric disorders [23-26].”
BackgroundVartanian, O. A., Bouak, F., Caldwell, J. L., Cheung, B., Cupchik, G. C., Jobidon, M.-E., Lam, Q., Nakashima, A., Paul, M., Peng, H. T., et al. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00214 · Cited by 61
Predicting School Achievement from Motivation and Personality
Steinmayr, R., & Spinath, B. (2007) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652.21.3.207 · Cited by 62
Personality, assessment methods and academic performance
Furnham, A. F., Nuygards, S., & Chamorro‐Premuzic, T. (2013) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-012-9259-9 · Cited by 56
“cognitive abilities in explaining individual differences in overall AP (Ackerman and Heggestad 1997; Chamorro-Premuzic and Arteche 2008; De Fruyt and Mervielde 1996; Furnham et al. 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWhose IQ is it?—Assessor bias variance in high-stakes psychological assessment.
McDermott, P. A., Watkins, M. W., & Rhoad, A. M. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0034832 · Cited by 53
“Cognitive tests are assumed to be measures of maximal performance, and examinees should be optimally motivated to perform well (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”
BackgroundTok, S., & Moralı, S. (2009) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.7.921 · Cited by 58
Zimprich, D., Allemand, M., & Dellenbach, M. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.018 · Cited by 53
“…ultimately, transforms into crystallized intelligence , the intensity and direction of fluid intelligence investment over a longer period of time may be determined by motivation, interests, and personality traits, e.g., Openness to Experience (Ackerman , 1994, 1996; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997).”
BackgroundMethodValidating the Interpretations of PISA and TIMSS Tasks: A Rating Study
Rindermann, H., & Baumeister, A. (2014) · International Journal of Testing · doi:10.1080/15305058.2014.966911 · Cited by 54
“In a test situation, similar personality traits are important for being successful in different tasks such as diligence and low test anxiety (e.g., Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Hattie, 2009).”
BackgroundValidity of Six Openness Facets in Predicting Work Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis
Woo, S. E., Chernyshenko, O. S., Stark, S. E., & Conz, G. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.806329 · Cited by 57
“Such expectation is based on the empirical and conceptual relationship between cognitive ability and intellectual Openness (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Ashton, Lee, Vernon, & Jang, 2000; Higgins, Peterson, Pihl, & Lee, 2007).”
BackgroundLinking openness to cognitive ability in older adulthood: The role of activity diversity
Jackson, J. J., Hill, P. L., Payne, B. R., Parisi, J. M., & Stine‐Morrow, E. A. L. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1655705 · Cited by 53
“This finding is somewhat counterintuitive because openness is more strongly related with verbal processes and crystallized measures of intelligence during younger adulthood (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Ashton, Lee, Vernon, & Jang, 2000; DeYoung et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInterpreting the interest–efficacy association from a RIASEC perspective.
Armstrong, P. I., & Vogel, D. L. (2009) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016407 · Cited by 53
Krause, D. E., Kersting, M., Heggestad, E. D., & Thornton, G. C. (2006) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00357.x · Cited by 57
“As is common in the research on cognitive abilities (Ackerman, Beier, & Boyle, 2005; Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Beauducel & Kersting, 2002; Jensen, 1984), correlations among the cognitive abilities range from r 5.27 to .62.”
InfluentialSelf-citationA framework for critical thinking, rational thinking, and intelligence.
Stanovich, K. E., & Stanovich, P. J. (2010) · Cited by 61
Lowman, R. L., & Carson, A. D. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei1020 · Cited by 53
Hübner, N., Wille, E., Cambria, J., Oschatz, K., Nagengast, B., & Trautwein, U. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000183 · Cited by 55
“In our study, we focused on the realistic and investigative dimensions because they have been shown to be related to mathematically intensive STEM fields (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Su et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1997-03
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 219-245
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2093371949
- Semantic Scholar
- de9d16d02fc6cd75679a94f29181ba274bc8e3c5
- Cited by
- 1,829
- References
- 241
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 93
- FWCI
- 27.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- intelligence, personality, career interest, social characteristics
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aspirations, Psychological, Career Choice, Child, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Motivation, Personality, Personality Development
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