Cited by 446Social Representations and IdentityCritical Realism in SociologyAcademic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 117 of the 117 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Social perception and social reality: A reflection-construction model.

Jussim, Lee·1991·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.98.1.54

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article presents a reflection-construction model of relations between social perception and social reality.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-295x.98.1.54

Cites

117 of 117 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
Bornstein, M. H., & Gibson, J. J. (1980) · The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism · doi:10.2307/429816 · Cited by 22,935
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
Untitled work
(1954) · Cited by 15,935
Handbook of Social Psychology
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,590
On the psychology of prediction.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0034747 · Cited by 6,202
Multiple regression in behavioral research
Kerlinger, F. N., & Pedhazur, E. J. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,919
Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment.
Cherniak, C., Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. D. (1983) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2184495 · Cited by 4,196
A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation
Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60317-2 · Cited by 3,367
The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes
Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(77)90049-x · Cited by 3,139

Show all 116 references

Sorted by citations

The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction.
Chinn, C. A., & Brewer, W. F. (1993) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543063001001 · Cited by 1,393
“In social psychology, Jussim (1991) makes a convincing case that reliable, unambiguous social data are not interpreted with bias and that people adjust their theories to encompass such data.”
Background
Interpersonal Deception Theory
Buller, D. B., & Burgoon, J. K. (1996) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1996.tb00127.x · Cited by 1,212
Teacher Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Knowns and Unknowns, Resolved and Unresolved Controversies
Jussim, L. J., & Harber, K. D. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0902_3 · Cited by 1,321
“…provided indirect evidence for high accuracy because the correlations were typically much higher (generally in the .4 to .8 range) than were the expectancy effect sizes (standardized regression coefficients typically in the .1 to .2 range— see, e.g., Brophy, 1983; Jussim, 1991, for reviews).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Stereotypes as Dynamic Constructs: Women and Men of the Past, Present, and Future
Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200262001 · Cited by 1,156
“Even in the context of overall stereotypic accuracy, bias can occur (Judd & Park, 1993; Jussim, 1991; Lee, Jussim, & McCauley, 1995).”
Background
National differences in gender–science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement
Nosek, B. A., Smyth, F. L., Sriram, N., Lindner, N. M., Devos, T., Ayala, A., Bar‐Anan, Y., Bergh, R., Cai, H., Gonsalkorale, K., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0809921106 · Cited by 1,148
Accuracy and bias in self-perception: Individual differences in self-enhancement and the role of narcissism.
John, O. P., & Robins, R. W. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.206 · Cited by 1,011
STEREOTYPES
Hilton, J. L., & von Hippel, W. (1996) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.237 · Cited by 1,118
The Handbook of Research Synthesis
Ziegel, E. R., Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1995) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269651 · Cited by 936
Reactions to Counterstereotypic Behavior: The Role of Backlash in Cultural Stereotype Maintenance.
Rudman, L. A., & Fairchild, K. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.157 · Cited by 959
“Although there has been considerable debate about the accuracy of stereotypes (e.g., C. M. Judd & Park, 1993; Jussim, 1991; for a review, see Fiske, 1998), there can be no doubt that stereotypes are likely to be perceived as accurate to the extent that atypical targets are prevented from becoming…”
Background
Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies
Kenrick, D. T., & Keefe, R. C. (1992) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00067595 · Cited by 860
Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations
Rudman, L. A., & Phelan, J. E. (2008) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.003 · Cited by 776
“Whether or not stereotypes are accurate has been a point of some debate in the literature (e.g., Judd & Park, 1993; Jussim, 1991), but there is no debate that they are consensually held beliefs, and thus act as normative expectancies for group members’ attributes and behaviors.”
Background
Toward a histology of social behavior: Judgmental accuracy from thin slices of the behavioral stream
Ambady, N., Bernieri, F. J., & Richeson, J. A. (2000) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(00)80006-4 · Cited by 735
The Psychological Foundations of Culture
Harton, H. C., & Bourgeois, M. J. (2003) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410608994 · Cited by 638
Social Cognition and Social Perception
Fiske, S. T. (1993) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.001103 · Cited by 626
The science and politics of comparing women and men.
Eagly, A. H. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.3.145 · Cited by 606
Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes.
Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.1.109 · Cited by 595
Knowing your place: Self-perceptions of status in face-to-face groups.
Anderson, C. P., Srivastava, S., Beer, J. S., Spataro, S. E., & Chatman, J. A. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1094 · Cited by 513
“Although status self-enhancement might harm one’s social acceptance, it is unknown whether it has consequences for actual status; and it is possible that positive beliefs about one’s own status might act as a selffulfilling prophecy (Krebs & Denton, 1996; Jussim, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Feedback orientation, feedback culture, and the longitudinal performance management process
London, M., & Smither, J. W. (2002) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/s1053-4822(01)00043-2 · Cited by 516
Thinking is for doing: Portraits of social cognition from Daguerreotype to laserphoto.
Fiske, S. T. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.6.877 · Cited by 476
Beware of samples! A cognitive-ecological sampling approach to judgment biases.
Fiedler, K. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.4.659 · Cited by 480
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES: The Interplay of Cognitive, Motivational, and Behavioral Activities in Social Interaction
Snyder, M., & Stukas, A. A. (1999) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.273 · Cited by 441
“One resolution to this “battle of wills” is that both processes work simultaneously (Jussim 1991, Miene et al 1991, Swann 1987); indeed, McNulty & Swann (1994) found that in a longitudinal study of college roommates, perceivers’ expectations and targets’ self-conceptions both changed in the…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Carrying too Heavy a Load? The Communication and Miscommunication of Emotion by Email
Byron, K. L. (2008) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2008.31193163 · Cited by 396
“These findings mirror more general research on person perception, which has tended to find that individuals are more accurate at perceiving known than less known targets (for reviews see Fiske, 1993, and Jussim, 1991).”
Result
Teacher expectations: II. Construction and reflection of student achievement.
Jussim, L. J., & Eccles, J. S. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.947 · Cited by 393
Self-citation
Towards a balanced social psychology: Causes, consequences, and cures for the problem-seeking approach to social behavior and cognition
Krueger, J. I., & Funder, D. C. (2004) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x04000081 · Cited by 374
“Arguing from an ecological perspective, however, Jussim (1991) asked how expectancies typically arise, and whether their predictive utility is necessarily false in the sense of being self-fulfilling prophecies.”
Background
The truth and bias model of judgment.
West, T. V., & Kenny, D. A. (2011) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0022936 · Cited by 361
Stereotypes as Explanations
(2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489877 · Cited by 346
COMMITTEE ON UNDERSTANDING AND ELIMINATING RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN HEALTH CARE
Racial, E., Smedley, B. D., Stith, A. Y., & Nelson, A. R. (2003) · Cited by 328
Early teacher perceptions and later student academic achievement.
Alvidrez, J., & Weinstein, R. S. (1999) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.4.731 · Cited by 323
Parent-Adolescent Congruency in Reports of Adolescent Sexual Behavior and in Communications about Sexual Behavior
Jaccard, J. J., Dittus, P., & Gordon, V. V. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06146.x · Cited by 309
In search of the powerful self-fulfilling prophecy
Madon, S., Jussim, L., & Eccles, J. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.791 · Cited by 304
“Although an in-depth analysis of the accuracy of expectations is beyond the scope of this research (see Jussim, 1989, 1991, 1993; Jussim & Eccles, 1992, 1995a; Jussim et al., 1996), we present a brief overview here of how accuracy and inaccuracy in expectations are represented in this model.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Intergroup relations: Insights from a theoretically integrative approach.
Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.3.499 · Cited by 319
Behavioral manifestations of personality: An ecological approach to judgmental accuracy.
Funder, D. C., & Sneed, C. D. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.3.479 · Cited by 299
Mental Representations of Social Groups: Advances in Understanding Stereotypes and Stereotyping
Stangor, C., & Lange, J. E. (1994) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60157-4 · Cited by 297
Social Perception, Social Stereotypes, and Teacher Expectations: Accuracy and the Quest for the Powerful Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Jussim, L., Eccles, J., & Madon, S. (1996) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60240-3 · Cited by 555
“When individuating information is less than perfectly diagnostic, and when there are real differences between groups, perceivers who base their judgments of individual targets on those targets’ social category will arrive at more valid perceptions of group differences than perceivers who do not base their judgments on…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Effects of Communication Expectancies, Actual Communication, and Expectancy Disconfirmation on Evaluations of Communicators and Their Communication Behavior
BURGOON, J. K., & Le POIRE, B. A. (1993) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00316.x · Cited by 359
Perceived versus meta-analytic effect sizes: An assessment of the accuracy of gender stereotypes.
Swim, J. K. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.21 · Cited by 266
Effects of Student Gender and Socioeconomic Status on Teacher Perceptions
Auwarter, A. E., & Aruguete, M. S. (2008) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.3200/joer.101.4.243-246 · Cited by 261
Tough guys finish last: the perils of a distributive reputation
Tinsley, C. H., O'Connor, K. M., & Sullivan, B. A. (2002) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00005-5 · Cited by 240
Consensus at zero acquaintance: Replication, behavioral cues, and stability.
Kenny, D. A., Horner, C., Kashy, D. A., & Chu, L.-C. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.1.88 · Cited by 254
“This figure is an adaptation of a model recently proposed by Jussim (1991) to explain expectancy effects.”
Method
Embodiment in Socially Interactive Robots
Deng, E., Mutlu, B., & Matarić, M. J. (2019) · Foundations and Trends in Robotics · doi:10.1561/2300000056 · Cited by 261
“A significant body of literature discusses virtual reality (Merchant et al., 2014; Saposnik et al., 2011), perceived reality (Jussim, 1991; Jackson and Schuler, 1985), pictorial realism (Welch et al., 1996), and other related topics.”
Background
Positive Stereotypes Are Pervasive and Powerful
Czopp, A. M., Kay, A. C., & Cheryan, S. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615588091 · Cited by 232
“When we consider the variation in group stereotypes across time to their current forms, stereotypes have been and continue to be snapshots that both reflect and influence the status of social groups within society in a recursive and mutually reinforcing relationship ( Jussim, 1991).”
Background
Motivational Foundations of Behavioral Confirmation
Snyder, M. (1992) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60282-8 · Cited by 229
Expectations, Impressions, and Judgments of Physically Attractive Students: A Review
Ritts, V., Patterson, M. L., & Tubbs, M. E. (1992) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543062004413 · Cited by 235
Should we create a niche or fall in line? Identity negotiation and small group effectiveness.
Jr. Swann William, B., Milton, L. P., & Polzer, J. T. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.2.238 · Cited by 222
Sports performance judgments from a social cognitive perspective
Plessner, H., & Haar, T. (2006) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.03.007 · Cited by 220
Reactions to Vanguards
Rudman, L. A., Moss‐Racusin, C. A., Glick, P., & Phelan, J. E. (2012) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394286-9.00004-4 · Cited by 251
At First Sight: Persistent Relational Effects of Get-Acquainted Conversations
Sunnafrank, M. J., & Ramirez, A. (2004) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407504042837 · Cited by 212
“With explanatory roots primarily in self-fulfilling prophecies (Jussim, 1991; Rosenthal, 1973), expectancy perspectives (Burgoon & LePoire, 1993; Rosenthal & Rubin, 1978), and behavioral confirmation (Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid, 1977), this work suggests that relational partners begin making…”
Background
Is this about You or Me? Self-Versus Other-Directed Judgments and Feelings in Response to Intergroup Interaction
Vorauer, J. D., & Kumhyr, S. M. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201276006 · Cited by 210
“It is possible that White individuals’ metaperceptions would be corroborated by judgments actually formed by a White versus Aboriginal interaction partner (e.g., see Jussim, 1991).”
Background
Memory metaphors and the real-life/laboratory controversy: Correspondence versus storehouse conceptions of memory
Koriat, A., & Goldsmith, M. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042114 · Cited by 206
“In this regard, we subscribe to the rationale offered by Jussim (1991) for his critical analysis of the strong constructivist perspective in social perception: "Regardless of whether anyone actually believes in the [strict storehouse metaphor], clearly many choose research topics, write, and…”
Method
How do people think about interdependence? A multidimensional model of subjective outcome interdependence.
Gerpott, F. H., Balliet, D. P., Columbus, S., Molho, C., & de Vries, R. E. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000166 · Cited by 223
“We take the position that an ability to infer situational interdependence should be anchored in the objective properties of interdependence that people face on a daily basis (see Funder, 2009; Jussim, 1991; Rauthmann et al., 2014; McArthur & Baron, 1983).”
Background
On The Role Of Encoding Processes In Stereotype Maintenance
von Hippel, W., Sekaquaptewa, D., & Vargas, P. T. (1995) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60406-2 · Cited by 190
Evaluations of Ingroup and Outgroup Members: The Role of Category-Based Expectancy Violation
Bettencourt, B. A., Shackleford, K. E., Greathouse, S., Charlton, K., & Mulholland, A. M. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1996.1323 · Cited by 186
Mass Response to the Lewinsky Scandal: Motivated Reasoning or BayesianUpdating?
Fischle, M. (2000) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00181 · Cited by 167
“Although there is nothing approaching a single motivated reasoning theory, the consensus in this literature is that individuals' prior beliefs do not "uniformly dominate the data; instead, people strike a workable balance" (Fiske, 1992, p. 880; see also Higgins & Bargh, 1987; Jussim, 1991).”
Background
Functional Interdependence Theory: An Evolutionary Account of Social Situations
Balliet, D. P., Tybur, J. M., & Lange, P. A. M. V. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316657965 · Cited by 185
Observable Attributesas Manifestations and Cues ofPersonality and Intelligence
Borkenau, P., & Liebler, A. (1995) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00799.x · Cited by 163
The Looking Glass Self: An Empirical Test and Elaboration
Yeung, K.-T., & Martin, J. L. (2003) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2003.0048 · Cited by 161
Prejudice, stereotypes, and labeling effects: Sources of bias in person perception.
Jussim, L. J., Nelson, T. E., Manis, M., & Soffin, S. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.228 · Cited by 159
Self-citation
Accuracy of behavioral predictions at zero acquaintance: A social relations analysis.
Levesque, M. J., & Kenny, D. A. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1178 · Cited by 156
“Our results, then, are in accord with Jussim's (1991) model that social judgment is fairly veridical and behavioral confirmation (self-fulfilling prophecy) is relatively weak.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Fostering Group Identification and Creativity in Diverse Groups: The Role of Individuation and Self-Verification
Swann, W., Kwan, V. S. Y., Polzer, J. T., & Milton, L. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203256868 · Cited by 161
“Several authors (Jussim, 1991; Kenny & DePaulo, 1993) have discussed a tendency for perceivers to converge on the “true” or “actual” characteristics of targets.”
Background
The impact of past relationships on interpersonal behavior: Behavioral confirmation in the social-cognitive process of transference.
Berk, M. S., & Andersen, S. M. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.546 · Cited by 155
The Accuracy and Power of Sex, Social Class, and Ethnic Stereotypes: A Naturalistic Study in Person Perception
Madon, S., Jussim, L. J., Keiper, S., Eccles, J. S., Smith, A. E., & Palumbo, P. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672982412005 · Cited by 153
Self-citation
The Estrangement of Social Constructionism and Experimental Social Psychology: History of the Rift and Prospects for Reconciliation
Jost, J. T., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0603_1 · Cited by 156
“The continuity between experimental social psychology and social constructionism stems from the fact that subjectivist metatheory has, by and large, dominated the philosophical imagination of social psychologists (Fiske & Taylor, 1991; Jones, 1985; Jussim, 1991; Ross & Nisbett, 1991).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Hidden Costs of Organizational Dishonesty
Cialdini, R. B., Petrova, P., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004) · MIT Sloan Management Review · Cited by 150
Self-fulfilling effects of stigmatizing information on children's social interactions.
Harris, M. J., Milich, R., Corbitt, E. M., Hoover, D. W., & Brady, M. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.1.41 · Cited by 151
Social Reality, the Boundaries of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, and Economics
Felin, T., & Foss, N. J. (2009) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0431 · Cited by 140
“Furthermore, importantly, these expectations and beliefs about others, particularly when false, are dynamically updated over time (in Bayesian fashion – McKenzie and Mikkelsen 2007, Jussim 1991, also see Funder 1987, Jussim 1989).”
Influential
The influence of teacher expectations on student achievement in physical education classes: Pygmalion revisited
Trouilloud, D. O., Sarrazin, P. G., Martinek, T. J., & Guillet‐Descas, E. (2002) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.109 · Cited by 155
“There are three conceptually separable aspects of accuracy (Jussim, 1991): impression accuracy, predictive accuracy, and judgement accuracy.”
Influential
Do self-fulfilling prophecies accumulate, dissipate, or remain stable over time?
Smith, A. E., Jussim, L. J., & Eccles, J. S. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.548 · Cited by 139
Self-citation
Habilitation à diriger des recherches
(2019) · Revue Mabillon · doi:10.1484/j.rm.5.120430 · Cited by 140
Reintegrating the Study of Accuracy Into Social Cognition Research
Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2011.551743 · Cited by 143
“Instead of attempting to establish a criterion representing the “true” state or trait of targets and measuring interpersonal accuracy as the ability of perceivers’ inferences to approach that truth, the pragmatic approach focuses on the utility of social inferences for negotiating social relationships (Fiske, 1992 , 1…”
Background
Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care
Hood, R. G. (2001) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200106000-00006 · Cited by 137
“They can also produce selffulfilling prophecies in social interaction, in that the stereotypes of the perceiver influence the interaction with others in ways that conform to stereotypical expectations ( Jussim, 1991 ).”
Background
The role of network centrality in the flow of consumer influence
Lee, S. H., Cotte, J., & Noseworthy, T. J. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.10.001 · Cited by 136
Précis of Social Perception and Social Reality: Why accuracy dominates bias and self-fulfilling prophecy
Jussim, L. J. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1500062x · Cited by 307
Self-citation
The role of diagnosticity in stereotype formation: Perceiving group means and variances.
Ford, T. E., & Stangor, C. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.3.356 · Cited by 129
ASSESSING AND EXPLAINING MISPERCEPTIONS OF PEER DELINQUENCY*
Young, J. T. N., Barnes, J. C., Meldrum, R. C., & Weerman, F. M. (2011) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00232.x · Cited by 124
“An anonymous reviewer noted that some studies have shown that individuals are actually more accurate in their perceptions than would be expected (e.g., Funder, 1987; Jussim, 1991; Kenny, 1994).”
Identity negotiation in roommate relationships: The self as architect and consequence of social reality.
McNulty, S. E., & Swann, W. B. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1012 · Cited by 120
“As Jussim (1991) noted, apparent effects of perceivers' appraisals on targets' self-views may sometimes be due to the unmeasured influence of targets' actual traits.”
Background
Expectancy confirmation in spite of disconfirming evidence: The case of price increases due to the introduction of the Euro
Traut‐Mattausch, E., Schulz‐Hardt, S., Greitemeyer, T., & Frey, D. (2004) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.228 · Cited by 117
“…the behaviour of the person who holds the expectation, but rather also makes the target of the expectation behave in a manner that is consistent with this expectation and thereby influences also the targets self-evaluation (cf. Darley & Fazio, 1980; Jussim, 1986, 1991; Neuberg, 1994; Snyder, 1992).”
Background
Working Together: Perceived Self‐ and Collective‐Efficacy at the Workplace1
Parker, L. E. (1994) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00552.x · Cited by 118
Accurate, inaccurate, or biased teacher expectations: Do Dutch teachers differ in their expectations at the end of primary education?
Timmermans, A. C., Kuyper, H., & van der Werf, G. (2015) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12087 · Cited by 129
“Furthermore, in order to investigate whether teacher expectations predict, but do not cause, students’ future academic achievement (Jussim, 1991), a common definition of expectation accuracy, at least two measurements of performance need to be assessed.”
Background
Social, cultural and cognitive factors in stereotype formation
McGarty, C., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Spears, R. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489877.002 · Cited by 116
In the eyes of the beholder: students’ and teachers’ judgments of students’ motivation
Givvin, K. B., Stipek, D. J., Salmon, J. M., & MacGyvers, V. L. (2001) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/s0742-051x(00)00060-3 · Cited by 115
Children’s Wellbeing at School: A Multi-dimensional and Multi-informant Approach
Tobia, V., Greco, A., Steca, P., & Marzocchi, G. M. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-9974-2 · Cited by 105
Invited article: A parallel process model of nonverbal communication
Patterson, M. L. (1995) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf02173410 · Cited by 108
Memory for and experience of differential competitive behavior of individuals and groups.
Pemberton, M. R., Insko, C. A., & Schopler, J. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.5.953 · Cited by 104
Bright, bad, babyfaced boys: Appearance stereotypes do not always yield self-fulfilling prophecy effects.
Zebrowitz, L. A., Andreoletti, C., Collins, M. A., Lee, S. Y., & Blumenthal, J. A. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1300 · Cited by 101
“may reflect the accuracy of the initial expectation rather than a self-fulfilling prophecy effect (Jussim, 1991).”
Background
The Potential Roles of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Stigma Consciousness, and Stereotype Threat in Linking Latino/a Ethnicity and Educational Outcomes
Guyll, M., Madon, S., Prieto, L., & Scherr, K. C. (2010) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01636.x · Cited by 102
“In this situation, grades would not reflect a self-fulfilling process because they do not correspond to actual decreased achievement, but rather an inaccurate evaluation (Jussim, 1991).”
Background
Stereotyping of citizens in an expatriate‐dominated labour market
Al‐Waqfi, M. A., & Forstenlechner, I. (2010) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/01425451011051596 · Cited by 111
“Some stereotypes might represent accurate representations of reality or at least the local reality to which the perceiver is exposed (see Judd and Park, 1993; Jussim, 1991; Rothbart et al., 1984; Swim, 1994).”
Background
An analysis of perceived access to health care in Europe: How universal is universal coverage?
Cylus, J., & Papanicolas, I. N. (2015) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.07.004 · Cited by 102
Human Sex Differences in Sexual Psychology and Behavior
Okami, P., & Shackelford, T. K. (2001) · Annual Review of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/10532528.2001.10559798 · Cited by 103
Implanting pygmalion leadership style through workshop training
Eden, D., Geller, D., Gewirtz, A. H., Gordon-Terner, R., Inbar, I., Liberman, M., Pass, Y., Salomon-Segev, I., & Shalit, M. (2000) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(00)00042-4 · Cited by 102
“Although there has been some argument that teachers’ expectations are usually realistic and that the Pygmalion effect is often small and practically unimportant (Jussim, 1991; Jussim & Eccles, 1995; see also Madon, Jussim, & Eccles, 1997; Smith et al., 1998), the Pygmalion effect is well established in educational psy…”
Background
Compensating for Prejudice
Miller, C. T., & Myers, A. M. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012679130-3/50044-2 · Cited by 102
National differences in gender–science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievementPreprint
Nosek, B. A., Smyth, F. L., Sriram, N., Lindner, N. M., Devos, T., Ayala, A., Bar‐Anan, Y., Bergh, R., Cai, H., Gonsalkorale, K., et al. (2017) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/sp8nc · Cited by 109
Not all stereotyping is created equal: Differential consequences of thoughtful versus nonthoughtful stereotyping.
Wegener, D. T., Clark, J. K., & Petty, R. E. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.42 · Cited by 100
“Such predictions are consistent with views of stereotypes as providing valuable information about social reality (e.g., Oakes, Haslam, & Turner, 1994; see also Fiedler & Walther, 2003; Jussim, 1991).”
Result
Group Feedback for Continuous Learning
London, M., & Sessa, V. I. (2006) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/1534484306290226 · Cited by 103
“If the feedback is dismissed as biased, it is not likely to be accepted (Jussim, 1991; Jussim, Soffin, Brown, Levy, & Kohlhepp, 1992).”
Background
Accuracy in Face Perception: A View from Ecological Psychology
Berry, D. S., & Wero, J. L. F. (1993) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00780.x · Cited by 97
Judgment Biases in a Simulated Classroom—A Cognitive-Environmental Approach
Fiedler, K., Walther, E., Freytag, P., & Plessner, H. (2002) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2981 · Cited by 108
Balance Theory, Unit Relations, and Attribution: The Underlying Integrity of Heiderian Theory
Crandall, C. S., Silvia, P. J., N’gbala, A., Tsang, J.-A. C., & Dawson, K. (2007) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.11.1.12 · Cited by 103
Awareness of a gender stereotype, personal beliefs and self-perceptions regarding math ability: when boys do not surpass girls
Martinot, D., & Désert, M. (2007) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-007-9028-9 · Cited by 92
Constructing the Team: The Antecedents and Effects of Membership Model Divergence
Mortensen, M. (2014) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0881 · Cited by 92
“The idea that perceptions of reality shape behavior is pervasive (see, Berger and Luckmann 1966; Fiske and Taylor 2008; Jussim 1991; Pyszczynski et al. 2010), reflecting Thomas and Thomas‟ widely-quoted statement that: “If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences” (1928 p.”
Background
From personal pictures in the head to collective tools in the world: how shared stereotypes allow groups to represent and change social reality
Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Reynolds, K. J., & Doosje, B. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489877.009 · Cited by 96
Self‐Fulfilling Prophecies: Mechanisms, Power, and Links to Social Problems
Madon, S., Willard, J., Guyll, M., & Scherr, K. C. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00375.x · Cited by 113
“Because only false beliefs can be self-fulfilling (Merton, 1948), the availability of valid information limits the power of naturally occurring self-fulfilling prophecies (Jussim, 1991; Madon et al., 2001).”

Authors: Jussim, L.
Affiliations: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author: Jussim, Lee
ORCID: Jussim, Lee
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1991-01
Volume: 98
Issue: 1
Pages: 54-73
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.98.1.54
OpenAlex: W2072261931
Cited by: 446
References: 116
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 50.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Realism in Sociology
Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
Keywords: social perception, social reality, social cognition, social construction of reality

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Social perception and social reality: A reflection-construction model.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks