Does devoutness delay death? Psychological investment in religion and its association with longevity in the Terman sample.
Abstract
Religious people tend to live slightly longer lives (M. E. McCullough, W. T. Hoyt, D. B. Larson, H. G. Koenig, & C. E. Thoresen, 2000). On the basis of the principle of social investment (J. Lodi-Smith & B. W. Roberts, 2007), the authors sought to clarify this phenomenon with a study of religion and longevity that (a) incorporated measures of psychological religious commitment; (b) considered religious change over the life course; and (c) examined 19 measures of personality traits, social ties, health behaviors, and mental and physical health that might help to explain the religion-longevity association. Discrete-time survival growth mixture models revealed that women (but not men) with the lowest degrees of religiousness through adulthood had shorter lives than did women who were more religious. Survival differences were largely attributable to cross-sectional and prospective between-class differences in personality traits, social ties, health behaviors, and mental and physical health.
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Considering the 63 methodologically most rigorous studies (quality ratings of 8 or higher), 47 (75%) found R/S predicting greater longevity (two at trend level).
“Considering the 63 methodologically most rigorous studies (quality ratings of 8 or higher), 47 (75%) found R/S predicting greater longevity (two at trend level) [548–566], whereas three (5%) reported shorter longevity [567–569].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [555]
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“…in and/or involved in religion” (Saroglou, 2013, p. 5), is a dynamic process (Jackson et al., 2021) that varies over time (Hardy et al., 2023; McCullough et al., 2009) as a consequence of developmental transition (Jones et al., 2011), demographic patterns (Pérez & Vallières, 2019; Yang,…”
Psychological Well-Being and Positive Emotions
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Identifying Unobserved Hazard Functions in Discrete-Time Survival Mixture Analysis
Peugh, J., & Fan, X. (2016) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2016.1242372 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vornlocher, C., Wormley, A. S., McNeish, D., Cole, S. A., Daviglus, M. L., Eliassen, A. H., Kanaya, A. M., Kent, B. V., & Shields, A. E. (2025) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2025.2536914 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Extensive evidence has identified how the social support provided by one’s religious group can provide health benefits (Chatters, 2000; Mccullough et al., 2009; Wallace et al., 2019).”
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0027 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Public Health and Human Flourishing
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0032 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding the Religion–Physical Health Relationship
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Influence of Beliefs on Children's and Adults' Cognition and Social Preferences
Heiphetz, L. (2013) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Genetic Studies of Genius and the Life Cycle Follow‐Ups
Duggan, K. A., & Friedman, H. S. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118521373.wbeaa200
Self-citationPornography and Purpose in Life: A Moderated Mediation Analysis
Evans, C. M. (2020) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
(2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407864-2.16001-1
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0034
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0021
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0007
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0005
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0029
Levin, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0007
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0033
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0009
Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0023
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0024
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0020
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0026
Disease Prevention, Detection, and Treatment
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0030
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0019
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0004
Personality Traits and Disorders
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0011
Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0009
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0004
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0018
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0003
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0013
Koh, H. K. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0006
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0028
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0022
Studies on Religion and Health
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Mai, V. H., Tran, V. T., Pham, M. D., & Nguyen, V. N. (2023) · International Journal of Religion · doi:10.61707/4pdft546
Forming Impressions Of Others: Does Sexuality Matter?
Szotkowski, A. V. (2014) · DigitalCommons (California Polytechnic State University)
Pandey, I. B. D. M. (2026) · Current Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities · doi:10.12944/crjssh.8.2.06
- Authors
- McCullough, M. E., Friedman, H. S., Enders, C. K., & Martin, L. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- La Sierra University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 866-882
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2063003768
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- Metanexus Institute
- Emory University
- National Institutes of Health (AG08825)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- religious devotion, longevity, mortality, social investment, religious commitment, personality traits, social ties, health behavior, mental health, physical health, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Character, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Status, Humans, Longevity, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Prospective Studies, Religion and Psychology, Sex Factors, Social Adjustment, Social Identification, Health Behavior, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis
About these checks
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