The interpersonal theory of suicide.

In the paper

“Only two interventions have been shown to prevent deaths by suicide (Fleischmann, Bertolote, Wasserman, De Leo, Bolhari, Botega, et al., 2008; Motto & Bostrom, 2001) and only one form of psychotherapy has been shown to prevent suicide attempts in more than one clinical trial (Linehan, Comtois, Murray, Brown, Gallop, Heard, et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Fleischmann, Bertolote, Wasserman, De Leo, Bolhari, Botega, et al., 2008
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Motto & Bostrom, 2001 source
• Partly supported

  The Suicidal Behaviors section reports fewer suicide attempts with dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) than with expert therapy, and the discussion describes previous DBT trials. But the paper frames its comparison with other treatments around suicidal people with borderline personality disorder and says DBT *may* be uniquely effective; it does not establish the unqualified claim that no other psychotherapy has prevented attempts in multiple trials. The two-interventions claim about suicide deaths is attributed to other citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Linehan, Comtois, Murray, Brown, Gallop, Heard, et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“although depression greatly increases risk for suicidal ideation, it does not increase risk for suicide attempts above and beyond its association with ideation (Nock, Hwang, Sampson, Kessler, Angermeyer, Beautrais, et al., 2009)”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Tables 6 and 7, page unavailable) show that depression is a strong predictor of suicidal ideation and a much weaker predictor of attempts among people with ideation. But the categorical claim that it does not increase attempt risk beyond its association with ideation overstates the findings: Table 6 reports a statistically significant association with planned attempts among ideators in developed countries (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–1.9). The Discussion likewise says depression is 'much less useful' for predicting progression, not that it has no association. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Nock, Hwang, Sampson, Kessler, Angermeyer, Beautrais, et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has an estimated sixfold increased risk (Fang, Valdimarsdóttir, Fürst, Hultman, Fall, Sparén, et al., 2008) and multiple sclerosis a two-fold risk (Harris & Barraclough, 1997)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that patients with ALS were about six times more likely to die by suicide than the matched general population (SMR 5.8, 95% CI 3.6–8.8). The multiple-sclerosis estimate is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence and is not attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Fang, Valdimarsdóttir, Fürst, Hultman, Fall, Sparén, et al., 2008 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris & Barraclough, 1997 source

In the paper

“Results indicated that number of past attempts positively correlated with levels of acquired capability, with highest levels of acquired capability reported by individuals with multiple past attempts.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Orden, Witte, Gordon, Bender, & Joiner, 2008 source

In the paper

“Both suicidal ideation and non-lethal attempts are vastly more common than lethal attempts.”

In the paper

“Another illness that appears to confer suicide risk is brain cancer, which has a nine-fold increased risk for suicide as compared to the general population and a four-fold risk as compared to individuals with other forms of cancer (Harris & Barraclough, 1997).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris & Barraclough, 1997 source

In the paper

“among depressed individuals, approximately one-quarter make a non-fatal suicide attempt during their lifetime (Verona, Sachs-Ericsson, & Joiner, 2004), and at least 25% report having experienced suicidal ideation in the past two weeks (Goldney, Dal Grande, Fisher, & Wilson, 2003)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Verona, Sachs-Ericsson, & Joiner, 2004 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Goldney, Dal Grande, Fisher, & Wilson, 2003 source

In the paper

“These data indicate that depression is likely associated with the development of desire for suicide, while other disorders, marked by agitation or impulse control deficits, are associated with increased likelihood of acting on suicidal thoughts.”

In the paper

“This relative lack of empirical attention may be due in part to a relative absence of theory development regarding suicidal behavior.”

In the paper

“The studies listed in Table 1 indicate that the following disorders are associated with particularly elevated rates of suicide: major depressive disorder, with suicide rates between 2–6% (Bostwick & Pankratz, 2000); bipolar disorder, with estimates suggesting a 15-fold increased risk for suicide (Harris & Barraclough, 1997); borderline personality disorder, with suicide rates between 4–5% (Duberst”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Table 1

In the paper

“Finally, individuals who die by suicide are not available for psychological assessments, thus limiting methods researchers can employ.”

In the paper

“Without clearly differentiating between thoughts about suicide, non-fatal suicidal behaviors, and fatal suicidal behaviors, current theories are inconsistent with the taxonomy of suicidal behavior. This results in a number of theories being overly sensitive in the prediction of suicidal behavior at a severe cost in specificity”

In the paper

“only a small subset of those who think about suicide go on to attempt, and even fewer will die by suicide (World Health Organization, 1998)”

• Also stated in: § Theoretical Perspectives · plain

  “only a small subset of those who think about suicide go on to attempt, and even fewer will die by suicide (World Health Organization, 2008)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites World Health Organization, 1998
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites World Health Organization, 2008

In the paper

“One answer may be that suicidal behavior is difficult to study”

In the paper

“The vast majority of people who die by suicide (i.e., approximately 95%) suffer from mental disorders (Cavanagh, Carson, Sharpe, & Lawrie, 2003)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cavanagh, Carson, Sharpe, & Lawrie, 2003 source

In the paper

“current theories of suicidal behavior are inconsistent with this striking aspect of the phenomenon of suicidal behavior and instead address the phenomenology of suicidal behavior broadly as a unitary construct”

In the paper

“among patients with end-stage cancer, the will to live was found to be negatively associated with patients’ apperceptions of burdensomeness on others and was positively associated with perceived social support (Chochinov, Hack, Hassard, Kristjanson, McClement, & Harlos, 2005)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chochinov, Hack, Hassard, Kristjanson, McClement, & Harlos, 2005 source

In the paper

“It is this observation about suicide that underlies many of the limitations of the risk factors listed above.”

In the paper

“The second component of thwarted belongingness according to the Interpersonal Theory is the absence of reciprocally-caring relationships (i.e., ones in which individuals both feel cared about and demonstrate care of another).”

In the paper

“In order for relationships to meet the need to belong, they must be characterized by positive feelings and occur in a supportive context (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) and when they are not, relationships cease to meet the criteria as reciprocally-caring.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister & Leary, 1995 source

In the paper

“The vast majority of those who die by suicide suffer from mental disorders (Cavanagh, Carson, Sharpe, & Lawrie, 2003); however, the vast majority of those with mental disorders, including disorders with the highest suicide rates, will not attempt or die by suicide, though many will think about suicide (Bostwick & Pankratz, 2000; Hawton, Sutton, Haw, Sinclair, & Harriss, 2005; Herzog, Greenwood,”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cavanagh, Carson, Sharpe, & Lawrie, 2003 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bostwick & Pankratz, 2000 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hawton, Sutton, Haw, Sinclair, & Harriss, 2005 source

In the paper

“Thus, it may be that unemployment is associated with elevated risk only among vulnerable individuals, or only when it results in certain negative outcomes.”

In the paper

“in 2003, 250 children between the ages of five and fourteen died by suicide (Hoyert, Heron, Murphy, & Hsiang-Ching, 2006)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Hoyert, Heron, Murphy, & Hsiang-Ching, 2006

In the paper

“This pattern of findings indicates that many individuals who die by suicide are unemployed, but that the vast majority of unemployed individuals do not die by suicide.”

In the paper

“In contrast, marriage, children, and greater number of friends/family are associated with decreased risk for lethal suicidal behavior.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Table 1

In the paper

“The loneliness factor is posited to give rise to six observable risk factors for lethal suicidal behavior (citations for the elevation of risk for lethal attempts are provided in Table 1): self-report loneliness; pulling together effects; caring letters interventions”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Table 1

In the paper

“Drawing upon Russell’s (1996) and Joiner and colleagues’ (Joiner, Lewinsohn, & Seeley, 2002) conceptualization of the construct, loneliness is conceptualized as an affectively-laden cognition that one has too few social connections”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Russell’s (1996) source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Joiner, Lewinsohn, & Seeley, 2002 source

In the paper

“several studies examining associations between unemployment and suicide rates at the population level have failed to find an association, while studies examining smaller, more homogeneous populations (that also tend to be higher risk samples) tend to find an association (Lester & Yang, 2003; Stack, 2000)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lester & Yang, 2003 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stack, 2000 source

In the paper

“In the United States, European Americans die by suicide approximately twice as often as members of other minority groups, with the exception of Native Americans (American Association of Suicidology, 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites American Association of Suicidology, 2006

In the paper

“In the United States, the ratio of male to female deaths by suicide is four to one, whereas for non-lethal attempts, females outnumber males at a three to one ratio (American Association of Suicidology, 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites American Association of Suicidology, 2006

In the paper

“Similarly, economic recessions are associated with increased suicide rates, but only those recessions with marked elevations in negative outcomes such as job losses and home foreclosures (American Association of Suicidology, 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites American Association of Suicidology, 2009

In the paper

“Chronic feelings of loneliness (i.e., one facet of thwarted belongingness) are associated with elevated salivary cortisol levels, suggesting higher levels of a physiologic stress response (Cacioppo, Ernst, Burleson, McClintock, Malarkey, Hawkley, et al., 2000).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cacioppo, Ernst, Burleson, McClintock, Malarkey, Hawkley, et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“Baumeister and Leary (1995) propose that the need to belong is comprised of two facets: “people seem to need frequent, affectively pleasant or positive interactions with the same individuals, and they need these interactions to occur in a framework of long-term, stable caring and concern” (p. 520).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister and Leary (1995) source

In the paper

“suicide rates vary by gender, age, and culture”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites World Health Organization, 2003
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gould, Shaffer, & Greenberg, 2003 source

In the paper

“Suicide rates also vary by occupation, with, for instance, female physicians having a particularly elevated rate compared to the general population (Lindeman, Laara, Hakko, & Lonnqvist, 1996).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lindeman, Laara, Hakko, & Lonnqvist, 1996 source

In the paper

“a history of past attempts (see references in Table 1) especially multiple past attempts (Christiansen & Jensen, 2007; Haw, Bergen, Casey, & Hawton, 2007; Kotila & Lonnqvist, 1987; Suominen, Isometsa, Haukka, & Lonnqvist, 2004; Zonda, 2006), is a robust predictor of death by suicide, yet many individuals who die by suicide do so on their first attempt (ie., up to half; Rudd, Joiner, & Rajab, 1996)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rudd, Joiner, & Rajab, 1996 source

In the paper

“the literature also indicates the presence of environmental factors that are associated with elevated risk for suicide, including easy access to lethal means, clustering/exposure to suicidal behavior, and seasonal variation in rates of suicidal behavior, as well as increases in connectedness through “pulling together” effects that are protective against suicide.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Table 1

In the paper

“Chronic feelings of loneliness are also associated with numerous negative emotional and interpersonal states, including elevations in negative emotions (i.e., anxiety and anger), pessimism, fear of negative evaluation, and shyness, as well lower levels of social support, agreeableness, and sociability (Cacioppo, et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cacioppo, et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“Estimates from nationally-representative studies indicate that each year, 3.3 percent of Americans seriously consider suicide (i.e., active suicidal ideation), 1.0 percent develop a plan for suicide, and 0.6 percent attempt suicide (Kessler, Berglund, Borges, Nock, & Wang, 2005). Yet, each year, only .01 percent of Americans die by suicide (American Association of Suicidology, 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kessler, Berglund, Borges, Nock, & Wang, 2005
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites American Association of Suicidology, 2006

In the paper

“This experimental manipulation has been shown to cause numerous deleterious effects on cognition and behavior, including self-regulatory impairments”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, DeWall, Ciarocco, & Twenge, 2005 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Twenge, & Nuss, 2002 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Twenge, Baumeister, DeWall, Ciarocco, & Bartels, 2007 source

In the paper

“Suicide rates also vary by age, with the highest suicide rate (in the U.S.) among the elderly (Gould, Shaffer, & Greenberg, 2003).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gould, Shaffer, & Greenberg, 2003 source

In the paper

“These data indicate that although females die by suicide at much lower rates than do men, it is more common for females to desire, and thus, attempt suicide.”

In the paper

“Numerous studies (listed in Table 1) have demonstrated that unemployment is a common factor among individuals who have died by suicide and is associated with elevated risk for lethal suicidal behavior.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Table 1

In the paper

“Several comprehensive models of suicide have been presented that can account for several risk factors simultaneously, as well as the prevalence of suicidal behavior.”

In the paper

“We conceptualize these two dimensions of interpersonal functioning that are posited to comprise thwarted belongingness as loneliness and the absence of reciprocally-caring relationships.”

In the paper

“Further, according to the theory, perceived burdensomeness comprises two dimensions of interpersonal functioning – beliefs that the self is so flawed as to be a liability on others, and affectively-laden cognitions of self-hatred.”

In the paper

“It should be noted that we posit that in the vast majority of cases (if not all), these perceptions of liability are misperceptions amenable to therapeutic modification.”

In the paper

“It follows then, that individuals who perceive others in their social networks as individuals who rejected them or as unavailable for in-person interactions would be less likely to engage in affiliative behaviors, but just as likely (or more likely) to engage in the self-defeating behaviors that accompany thwarted belongingness.”

In the paper

“acquired capability is presumed to be a multidimensional emergent latent variable that involves the dimensions of lowered fear of death and increased physical pain tolerance”

In the paper

“Childhood maltreatment and mental disorders are not conceptualized as indicators that an individual is currently experiencing thwarted belongingness or perceived burdensomeness (and are not caused by either construct); thus they are not included in Figures 2 or 3.”

In the paper

“Pain tolerance is conceptualized as a dimensional phenomenon.”

In the paper

“Self-perceptions that one is a burden on others also differentiate between individuals with histories of suicide attempts versus no attempts (Brown, Dahlen, Mills, Rick, & Biblarz, 1999; Van Orden, Lynam, Hollar, & Joiner, 2006) and are also associated with suicidal ideation (Brown, Brown, Johnson, Olsen, Melver, & Sullivan, 2009; de Catanzaro, 1995; Van Orden, Lynam, Hollar, & Joiner, 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown, Dahlen, Mills, Rick, & Biblarz, 1999 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Orden, Lynam, Hollar, & Joiner, 2006 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown, Brown, Johnson, Olsen, Melver, & Sullivan, 2009 source

In the paper

“those individuals who perceive total isolation from others are most likely alienated to the point that they perceive themselves as completely inconsequential and/or unwanted– a state akin to perceptions of expendability posited to function as behavioral indicators of perceived burdensomeness.”

In the paper

“In a comparison of suicide notes of individuals who made lethal versus non-lethal attempts, the presence of perceptions of burdensomeness on others differentiated between those who attempted and survived and those who attempted and died – with perceptions of burdensomeness characterizing the notes of those who died (Joiner, Pettit, Walker, Voelz, Cruz, Rudd, et al., 2002).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Joiner, Pettit, Walker, Voelz, Cruz, Rudd, et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“according to the Interpersonal Theory, desire to die by suicide is not sufficient for lethal suicidal behavior to result because, simply put, dying by suicide is not an easy thing to do.”

In the paper

“these authors posit that the adaptive value of fear (i.e., why humans who possess the fear system are more likely to survive and thus reproduce) lies in its potential to aid humans in the identification of stimuli associated with threats to survival.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ohman and Mineka (2001) source

In the paper

“Dying by suicide is not only frightening, but physically painful.”

In the paper

“These data suggest that suicidal ideation (cf., suicidal desire) is not sufficient for suicide attempts to result; rather, suicidal desire must occur in the context of reduced fear of suicide.”

In the paper

“thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are related, but distinct constructs.”

In the paper

“The theory also includes a description of mechanisms whereby individuals acquire the capability for suicide; it is for this reason that the acquired capability latent variable is depicted in Figure 4 as an emergent variable (i.e., one that is caused by other variables in the model).”

In the paper

“The theory is concerned with this most severe form of thwarted belongingness that involves perceptions that meaningful and mutually supportive connections are completely absent, with chronicity likely increasing these perceptions.”

In the paper

“We propose that the mechanisms whereby individuals acquire the capability for lethal self-injury are habituation (to fear and pain involved in self-injury) and the strengthening of opponent processes (in response to fear and pain); both processes are described by Opponent Process Theory (Solomon & Corbit, 1974).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Solomon & Corbit, 1974 source

In the paper

“with repeated exposure, the emotional effects of the opposite process become amplified (while the primary emotional effects of a stimulus remain stable).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Solomon & Corbit, 1974 source

In the paper

“Fear of suicide is presumed to be a dimensional construct varying from very high levels to negligible levels of fear, and further, in order for active suicidal desire to progress towards more severe manifestations of suicide risk (i.e., intent for suicide), fear must be reduced to the point that individuals endorse a non-zero degree of fearlessness regarding suicidal actions.”

In the paper

“in order to die by suicide, individuals must lose some of the fear associated with suicidal behaviors, and that it would be very uncommon (if not impossible) to find someone born with a level of fear low enough to engage in suicide.”

In the paper

“In order for lethal (or near lethal) suicide attempts to result, this cognitive appraisal must be non-ambivalent and held with a strength of conviction of 100% (with duration of non-ambivalence varying by method).”

In the paper

“Indeed, social alienation (cf., thwarted belongingness) has been proposed as the mechanism whereby the experience of childhood abuse increases risk for suicidal behavior (Twomey, Kaslow, & Croft, 2000).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Twomey, Kaslow, & Croft, 2000 source

In the paper

“We suggest that this is not the case because the presence of perceptions of connections to others does not equate with meeting the need to belong. In other words, the construct of thwarted belongingness is not synonymous with a lack of human connections and conversely, the need to belong is not fulfilled by the mere presence of perceptions of connections to others.”

In the paper

“For example, both are life experiences that may increase an individual’s risk for developing social isolation and/or feelings of loneliness.”

In the paper

“Opponent process theory states that observed emotional responses are a function of the summation of two underlying oppositely valenced processes (i.e., opponent processes).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Solomon & Corbit, 1974 source

In the paper

“cutting one’s wrists requires sustained behavior on the part of the suicidal individual, and this individual must continue cutting his/her wrist in spite of the physical pain endured. An individual swallowing pills must continue to do so in spite of feelings of nausea or dizziness. In contrast, pulling the trigger on a gun or jumping off a building typically require a single action.”

In the paper

“However, the Interpersonal Theory differs in that the construct is broader and involves perceptions of burdensomeness on close others, including, but not limited to family members, are associated with desire for suicide.”

In the paper

“Ohman and Mineka (2001) propose an evolutionary-based model of fear grounded in the hypothesis that natural selection processes have shaped the human fear system so that it functions as a signal for the presence of “potentially life-threatening situations in the ecology of our distant forefathers””

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ohman and Mineka (2001) source

In the paper

“The Interpersonal Theory is concerned with proximal risk factors – the mental states and behavioral capacities that will be evident in an individual at varying degrees of non-zero risk for lethal suicidal behavior, ranging from individuals evidencing passive suicidal ideation up to those demonstrating imminent risk for lethal suicidal behavior.”

In the paper

“the literature also indicates that the majority of individuals who attempt suicide will not eventually die by suicide and that many individuals (i.e., up to half) who die by suicide do so on their first attempt (Rudd, Joiner, & Rajab, 1996).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rudd, Joiner, & Rajab, 1996 source

In the paper

“the prediction that the greatest risk for suicide is conferred by the simultaneous presence of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, hopelessness in relation to both, and acquired capability for lethal self-injury.”

In the paper

“the theory’s fourth hypothesis is that the outcome of serious suicidal behavior (i.e., lethal or near lethal suicide attempts) is most likely to occur in the context of suicidal intent (which results from thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and hopelessness regarding both), reduced fear of suicide, and elevated physical pain tolerance.”

In the paper

“Individuals who possess either complete thwarted belongingness or complete perceived burdensomeness will experience passive (versus active) suicidal ideation, which may manifest as cognitions such as, “I wish I was dead” or “I would be better off dead.””

In the paper

“Current intent for suicide is a key component of suicide risk assessment protocols (Brent, 2001; Jobes, 2006; Joiner, Walker, Rudd, & Jobes, 1999; Linehan, Comtois, & Murray, 2000; Reynolds, 1991; Shea, 1999; Simon, 2006) and is conceptualized as a necessary component of serious, imminent risk for suicide.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brent, 2001 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Jobes, 2006
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Joiner, Walker, Rudd, & Jobes, 1999 source

In the paper

“Childhood maltreatment that involves physical and sexual abuse may activate habituation with regards to fear of self-injury as well as increased pain tolerance.”

In the paper

“the theory’s second hypothesis states that a mental state characterized by the simultaneous presence of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and hopelessness about one’s interpersonal connections is a proximal and sufficient cause of suicidal desire.”

In the paper

“Thus, the presence of intent can also be conceptualized as the level of suicidal desire that is most likely to translate into behavior.”

In the paper

“Veterans are at increased risk for lethal suicidal behavior and are more likely to use firearms as the suicide method (Kaplan, Huguet, McFarland, & Newsom, 2007)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kaplan, Huguet, McFarland, & Newsom, 2007

In the paper

“The theory’s first hypothesis is that thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are proximal and sufficient causes of passive suicidal ideation.”

In the paper

“The sensitivity (i.e. the probability of a positive test result among individuals who went on to die by suicide) of the BHS was .80 for predicting death by suicide and .78 for non-fatal suicide attempts.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McMillan, Gilbody, Beresford, & Neilly, 2007 source

In the paper

“Suicidal ideation was controlled for in this particular analysis because, according to the theory, it is possible to be capable of suicidal behavior without desiring suicide.”

In the paper

“Intent to engage in suicidal behavior has been found to be part of a pernicious group of suicidal symptoms termed “resolved plans and preparation” (Joiner, Rudd, & Rajab, 1997; Witte, Joiner, Brown, Beck, Beckman, Duberstein, et al., 2006) and has been shown to predict death by suicide in adults (Conner, Duberstein, & Conwell, 1999; Harriss, Hawton, & Zahl, 2005; Obafunwa & Busuttil, 1994).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Joiner, Rudd, & Rajab, 1997
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Witte, Joiner, Brown, Beck, Beckman, Duberstein, et al., 2006 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Conner, Duberstein, & Conwell, 1999 source

In the paper

“we propose that impulsive individuals have higher levels of acquired capability for suicide and it is this consequence of impulsivity that elevates risk for suicidal behavior.”

In the paper

“Results indicated that a one-point increase on the belongingness subscale (indicating greater belongingness) decreased odds of having a past suicide attempt by six percent; the same association did not hold for accidental overdoses, supporting the specificity of thwarted belongingness to suicidal behavior.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Conner, Britton, Sworts, & Joiner, 2007 source

In the paper

“Suicide attempts are the most potent of these behaviors with regards to acquiring the capability for suicide; thus, a potential way to falsify the theory would be to show that individuals with histories of past attempts have equivalent levels of acquired capability to those without past attempts.”

In the paper

“According to the theory, the absence of either thwarted belongingness (perceived as unchanging) or perceived burdensomeness (also perceived as unchanging) is likely to be lifesaving, as active suicidal desire develops only in the confluence of both factors.”

In the paper

“The limitation of this finding, of course, is that desire was only partially measured – belongingness was not included.”

In the paper

“We propose that it is only hopelessness regarding complete and pervasive thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness that will cause active suicidal desire because it is only at this juncture of mental states that individuals see no possibility of positive change.”

In the paper

“Notice that this causal path is moderated by the presence of increased pain tolerance: suicidal intent does not result in lethal (or near lethal) suicide attempts unless increased pain tolerance is present that allows an individuals to endure the pain involved in dying by suicide.”

In the paper

“Taken together, these data indicate that hopelessness is sensitive in the prediction of suicidal behavior, but it performs less well regarding specificity: most hopeless individuals will not die by suicide.”

In the paper

“These studies indicated that lower suicide rates were associated with sports team successes, which is consistent with the hypothesis that sporting events may foster increased belongingness and thereby buffer suicide rates.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Joiner, Hollar, & Van Orden, 2006 source

In the paper

“However, we posit that in order to possess suicidal intent, individuals must have habituated to the fear involved in suicide to an extent that they are able to imagine, plan, or decide to engage in suicidal actions.”

In the paper

“However, in order for active suicidal desire to develop, individuals must perceive their levels of belongingness and burdensomeness to be stable and permanent – in other words, they must be hopeless about their perceived interpersonal status.”

In the paper

“Thus, it is hypothesized (as depicted in Figure 5) that the simultaneous presence of suicidal desire and the first component of acquired capability—lowered fear of death—serves as the condition under which suicidal desire will transform into suicidal intent.”

In the paper

“These data suggest that habituation to the pain and fear in suicide may be method specific and is acquired through exposure.”

In the paper

“the theory includes the hypothesis that in order for a passive desire for suicide to intensify into an active desire for suicide, a completely thwarted need to belong must be accompanied by global perceived burdensomeness, as well as hopelessness regarding these two painful states.”

In the paper

“The proposal that mental practice is an element of acquiring the capability for suicide provides one possible explanation for the fact that method substitution—when access to a means for suicide is blocked—does not occur.”

In the paper

“perceived burdensomeness measured by self-report in a clinical sample was shown to cross-sectionally predict greater severity of suicidal ideation and greater numbers of past suicide attempts, while controlling for age, gender, personality disorder status, depressive symptoms, and hopelessness (Van Orden, Lynam, Hollar, & Joiner, 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Orden, Lynam, Hollar, & Joiner, 2006 source

In the paper

“Results of these studies indicate an association between perceptions of burdensomeness and suicidal ideation (though thwarted belongingness was not measured in either study thus precluding conclusions regarding the effects of the presence of both constructs).”

In the paper

“This aspect of the theory organizes a great deal of the literature on risk factors (described above) that otherwise appears disparate.”

In the paper

“Working up to the act of suicide is quite difficult to do; habituating to one means does not necessarily result in habituation to another.”

In the paper

“the capability for self-harm can be acquired through behaviors other than suicide attempts; thus, the theory would not generate the prediction that all individuals who die by suicide would necessarily have histories of prior attempts.”

In the paper

“an individual who spends a great deal of time planning an attempt is not only making pragmatic arrangements for his or her death, but is also habituating to the fear associated with making a suicide attempt (i.e., is engaging in mental practice).”

In the paper

“We propose that one explanation for this well-replicated finding is that the content of hopeless beliefs—what individuals are hopeless about—is relevant in the prediction of suicidal behavior.”

In the paper

“through genetic and/or temperamental predispositions to fearlessness, impulsivity, or greater physical pain tolerance, some individuals are more susceptible to acquiring the capability for suicide given exposure to painful and provocative events, or even more likely to seek such events out.”

In the paper

“Exposure to others who have engaged in suicidal behavior may activate habituation to the fear of suicidal behavior, thus accounting for clustering of suicidal behavior as a by-product of elevated acquired capability.”

In the paper

“Thus, according to the Interpersonal Theory, high rates of suicidal behavior among individuals with BPD may be due to the fact that these individuals are more susceptible to thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness and more likely to engage in painful and provocative events that lead to an acquired capability.”

In the paper

“Therefore, although women may be more likely than males to desire suicide, they are less likely to die by suicide.”

In the paper

“This description of mechanisms underlying proximal risk for suicidal behavior provides a parsimonious account for why the majority of individuals who possess a given risk factor will not attempt or die by suicide – few risk factors increase all components of the Interpersonal Theory.”

In the paper

“We propose that thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness (as well as hopelessness concerning these states) are dynamic (i.e., frequently-changing) factors, while acquired capability, once acquired, is relatively stable and unchanging.”

In the paper

“Results were consistent with the latter hypothesis: out of nine women with AN who died by suicide, all used methods that would be lethal for physically healthy individuals (e.g., jumping in front of a train) and seven were unlikely to be rescued following their attempts.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Holm-Denoma, et al., 2008

In the paper

“This hypothesis that individuals with BPD may be more likely to have acquired the capability for lethal self-injury is consistent with the fact that approximately 60–70% of people with BPD have made at least one severe suicide attempt (Gunderson, 2001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Gunderson, 2001

In the paper

“Studies suggest that women may be more likely to experience many risk factors that increase—or indicate the presence of—thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, including major depression (i.e., females are approximately twice as likely as males to suffer from Major Depression; Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson, & Grayson, 1999).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson, & Grayson, 1999 source

In the paper

“Further, the assumption that the same mechanisms underlie all suicidal behaviors—if it were supported—would greatly enhance the clinical utility of the theory.”

In the paper

“The theory also suggests that prevention efforts targeting thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness may be effective. For example, public health campaigns promoting the importance of maintaining social connections and social contributions could impact suicide rates.”

In the paper

“Research also suggests that individuals with BPD may be more prone to perceptions of burdensomeness: self-hate, self-blame, and strong feelings of shame are common among individuals with BPD (Linehan, 1993; Rizvi & Linehan, 2005), and it is likely that feelings of shame accompany perceptions that one is a burden on others.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Linehan, 1993
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rizvi & Linehan, 2005 source

In the paper

“In addition, data indicate that women rank helping others, having a close family, and being loved by loved ones significantly higher than do men as sources of happiness (Crossley & Langdridge, 2005), suggesting that when these potential sources of happiness are absent, women are particularly likely to perceive thwarted belongingness and high burdensomeness, and thus suffer greater emotional pain”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crossley & Langdridge, 2005 source

In the paper

“Thus far, we have posited that the simultaneous presence of the theory’s constructs is sufficient, but not necessary, for suicidal behavior to occur.”

In the paper

“However, because females on the whole have fewer experiences that inure them to fear of self-injury (e.g., exposure to guns, physical fights, violent sports, etc.), and because they have lower pain and fear tolerance than males (Berkley, 1997), they may be less able to develop the acquired capability for suicidal behavior than are males.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Berkley, 1997 source

In the paper

“unless a risk factor causes both desire and capability for suicide, its specificity in the prediction of lethal suicidal behavior will be low.”

In the paper

“Thus, when looking to the literature on suicidal behavior, available data should be consistent with the role of all constructs in the development of suicidal desire.”

In the paper

“The Interpersonal Theory emphasizes the role of acquired capability—a primarily intra-individual factor—as well as the role of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness—intrapersonal factors (i.e., emphasizing perceptions) that transact with the interpersonal environment.”