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Adaptive constructive processes and the future of memory
Open accessAbstract
Memory serves critical functions in everyday life but is also prone to error. This article examines adaptive constructive processes, which play a functional role in memory and cognition but can also produce distortions, errors, and illusions. The article describes several types of memory errors that are produced by adaptive constructive processes and focuses in particular on the process of imagining or simulating events that might occur in one's personal future. Simulating future events relies on many of the same cognitive and neural processes as remembering past events, which may help to explain why imagination and memory can be easily confused. The article considers both pitfalls and adaptive aspects of future event simulation in the context of research on planning, prediction, problem solving, mind-wandering, prospective and retrospective memory, coping and positivity bias, and the interconnected set of brain regions known as the default network.
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“Early laboratory and clinical studies provided initial evidence that they serve a range of functions, including decision making, emotion regulation, intention formation, and planning (67)”
From Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions (2017) · cites this paper as [67]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schacter, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schacter, Daniel L.
- ORCID
- Schacter, Daniel L.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 603-613
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- PMC
- PMC3815569
- OpenAlex
- W2055900812
- Cited by
- 417
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 12.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Institute on Aging
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- memory errors, memory distortion, memory illusions, imagination, prospective memory, retrospective memory, mind wandering, prediction, planning, problem solving, coping, positivity bias, default mode network
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Cognition, Humans, Imagination, Memory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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