Cited by 349Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesSport Psychology and PerformanceEducation, Achievement, and Giftedness

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Get excited: Reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement.

Brooks, Alison Wood·2014·Journal of Experimental Psychology General

DOI 10.1037/a0035325

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Individuals often feel anxious in anticipation of tasks such as speaking in public or meeting with a boss. I find that an overwhelming majority of people believe trying to calm down is the best way to cope with pre-performance anxiety. However, across several studies involving karaoke singing, public speaking, and math performance, I investigate an alternative strategy: reappraising anxiety as excitement. Compared with those who attempt to calm down, individuals who reappraise their anxious arousal as excitement feel more excited and perform better. Individuals can reappraise anxiety as excitement using minimal strategies such as self-talk (e.g., saying "I am excited" out loud) or simple messages (e.g., "get excited"), which lead them to feel more excited, adopt an opportunity mind-set (as opposed to a threat mind-set), and improve their subsequent performance. These findings suggest the importance of arousal congruency during the emotional reappraisal process.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0035325

Cites

104 of 104 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218 · Cited by 18,025
SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383
Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being.
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929
An argument for basic emotions
Ekman, P. (1992) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 · Cited by 9,646
Psychological stress and the coping process
Lazarus, R. S. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,164
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046234 · Cited by 6,223
Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 · Cited by 5,289
Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology.
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671
Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813 · Cited by 4,273
Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor.
Grandey, A. A. (2000) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95 · Cited by 3,788
Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as A Motivational Principle
Higgins, E. T. (1998) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60381-0 · Cited by 3,511
The ripple effect: emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior
Barsade, S. G. (2002) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3094912 · Cited by 3,361
Fear, anger, and risk.
Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146 · Cited by 3,325
Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
LANG, P. J., GREENWALD, M. K., BRADLEY, M. M., & HAMM, A. O. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x · Cited by 3,190
The Dimensions, Antecedents, and Consequences of Emotional Labor
Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1996) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1996.9704071861 · Cited by 2,548
Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process
Pennebaker, J. W. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x · Cited by 2,486
WHEN "THE SHOW MUST GO ON": SURFACE ACTING AND DEEP ACTING AS DETERMINANTS OF EMOTIONAL EXHAUSTION AND PEER-RATED SERVICE DELIVERY.
Grandey, A. A. (2003) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/30040678 · Cited by 2,285
A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition.
Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.529 · Cited by 2,270
Appraisal Considered as a Process of Multilevel Sequential Checking
Scherer, K. R. (2001) · Appraisal Processes in Emotion · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195130072.003.0005 · Cited by 1,907
Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: a nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis
Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.768 · Cited by 1,898
A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping.
Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.417 · Cited by 1,790
The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory
Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38004-5 · Cited by 1,614
Emotion Regulation in Adulthood: Timing Is Everything
Gross, J. (2001) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00152 · Cited by 1,430
Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior.
Gross, J. J., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.6.970 · Cited by 1,386
All Negative Moods Are Not Equal: Motivational Influences of Anxiety and Sadness on Decision Making
Raghunathan, R., & Pham, M. T. (1999) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1999.2838 · Cited by 1,277
Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists.
Scheier, M. F., Weintraub, J. K., & Carver, C. S. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1257 · Cited by 1,248
Untitled work
(1992) · Cited by 1,154
Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response.
Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031201 · Cited by 979
Discerning Threats and Opportunities
Jackson, S. E., & Dutton, J. E. (1988) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392714 · Cited by 971
Power Posing
Carney, D. R., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Yap, A. J. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610383437 · Cited by 946
The Interpersonal Effects of Anger and Happiness in Negotiations.
Kleef, G. A. V., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.57 · Cited by 925
Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance
Côté, S., & Miners, C. T. H. (2006) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.51.1.1 · Cited by 873
Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation.
Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. L. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1208 · Cited by 760
Feelings and Consumer Decision Making: The Appraisal‐Tendency Framework
Han, S., Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. J. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/s1057-7408(07)70023-2 · Cited by 731
Happiness is the Frequency, Not the Intensity, of Positive Versus Negative Affect
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Pavot, W. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_10 · Cited by 723
When High-Powered People Fail
Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00789.x · Cited by 654
The Interpersonal Effects of Emotions in Negotiations: A Motivated Information Processing Approach.
Kleef, G. A. V., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.510 · Cited by 609
Positive Reappraisal Mediates the Stress-Reductive Effects of Mindfulness: An Upward Spiral Process
Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0043-8 · Cited by 572
Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others.
Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B. A., & Kowai-Bell, N. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.253 · Cited by 564
A Dark Side of Happiness? How, When, and Why Happiness Is Not Always Good
Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., & Tamir, M. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611406927 · Cited by 561
Anxiety and Cognition: A Unified Theory
Eysenck, M. W. (2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 531
An Interpersonal Approach to Emotion in Social Decision Making
Kleef, G. A. V., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2010) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(10)42002-x · Cited by 519
Elevation Leads to Altruistic Behavior
Schnall, S., Roper, J., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797609359882 · Cited by 497
Anxiety, learning, and memory: A reconceptualization
Eysenck, M. W. (1979) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(79)90001-1 · Cited by 494
Dispositional affectivity as a predictor of work attitudes and job performance
Cropanzano, R., James, K. E., & Konovsky, M. A. (1993) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030140609 · Cited by 488
Affirmation of personal values buffers neuroendocrine and psychological stress responses
Creswell, J. D., Welch, W. T., Taylor, S. E., Sherman, D. K., Gruenewald, T. L., & Mann, T. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01624.x · Cited by 482
How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal
Hofmann, S. G., Heering, S., Sawyer, A. T., & Asnaani, A. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.02.010 · Cited by 464 · cited 1×
“A substantial literature demonstrates that reappraising negative emotions is more effective than suppressing them (e.g., Gross, 1998, 2001; Gross & Levenson, 1993; Hofmann et al., 2009).”
Background
Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature
Hardy, J. (2006) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.04.002 · Cited by 462
Further evidence for mixed emotions.
Larsen, J. T., & McGraw, A. P. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021846 · Cited by 435
Can seeking happiness make people unhappy? Paradoxical effects of valuing happiness.
Mauss, I. B., Tamir, M., Anderson, C. L., & Savino, N. S. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022010 · Cited by 434
Writing About Testing Worries Boosts Exam Performance in the Classroom
Ramirez, G., & Beilock, S. L. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1199427 · Cited by 434
Social "facilitation" as challenge and threat.
Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., & Salomon, K. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.68 · Cited by 379
Mind-Set Matters
Crum, A. J., & Langer, E. J. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01867.x · Cited by 377
Turning the knots in your stomach into bows: reappraising arousal improves performance on the GRE
Jamieson, J. P., Mendes, W. B., Blackstock, E., & Schmader, T. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.015 · Cited by 376 · cited 1×
“In contrast, individuals in an excited state tend to focus on the potential positive outcomes of upcoming events and believe that they can achieve more positive outcomes (Ashby, Isen, & Turken, 1999; Aspinwall & Taylor, 1997; Brown & Curhan, 2013; Fredrickson, 2001; Jamieson et al., 2010; Scheier, Weintraub, & Carver,…”
Background
Threatened by the unexpected: Physiological responses during social interactions with expectancy-violating partners.
Mendes, W. B., Blascovich, J., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B. A., & Jost, J. T. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.698 · Cited by 375
Anticipatory stress and coping reactions under various conditions of uncertainty.
Monat, A., Averill, J. R., & Lazarus, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033297 · Cited by 369
The Impact of Positive and Negative Affect and Issue Framing on Issue Interpretation and Risk Taking
Mittal, V., & Ross, W. T. (1998) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1998.2808 · Cited by 356
Can Nervous Nelly negotiate? How anxiety causes negotiators to make low first offers, exit early, and earn less profit
Brooks, A. W., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2011) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.01.008 · Cited by 354
A questionnaire for the measurement of nonpathological worry
Tallis, F., Eysenck, M. W., & Mathews, A. (1992) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90038-q · Cited by 333
Effects of Self-Talk: A Systematic Review
Tod, D., Hardy, J., & Oliver, E. J. (2011) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.33.5.666 · Cited by 308
Contribution of attachment theory to developmental psychopathology.
Carlson, E. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1995) · Cited by 299
Math Anxiety: Who Has It, Why It Develops, and How to Guard against It
Maloney, E. A., & Beilock, S. L. (2014) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400847990-016 · Cited by 284
Anxiety, advice, and the ability to discern: Feeling anxious motivates individuals to seek and use advice.
Gino, F., Brooks, A. W., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026413 · Cited by 277
Improving Acute Stress Responses: The Power of Reappraisal
Jamieson, J. P., Mendes, W. B., & Nock, M. K. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412461500 · Cited by 273
Challenge and Threat During Social Interactions With White and Black Men
Mendes, W. B., Blascovich, J., Lickel, B. A., & Hunter, S. B. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616720202800707 · Cited by 266
Math Performance in Stressful Situations
Beilock, S. L. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00602.x · Cited by 262
Keep Your Fingers Crossed!: How Superstition Improves Performance
Damisch, L., Stoberock, B., & Mussweiler, T. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610372631 · Cited by 251
Handbook on Stress and Anxiety.
Teele, J. E., Kutash, I. L., & Schlesinger, L. B. (1982) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2067050 · Cited by 248
The Many Shades of Rose-Colored Glasses: An Evolutionary Approach to the Influence of Different Positive Emotions
Griskevicius, V., Shiota, M. N., & Nowlis, S. M. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/651442 · Cited by 246
The positive psychology of negative thinking
Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10094 · Cited by 239
Psychological vulnerability and stress: The effects of self-affirmation on sympathetic nervous system responses to naturalistic stressors.
Sherman, D. K., Bunyan, D. P., Creswell, J. D., & Jaremka, L. M. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014663 · Cited by 234
Supplication and appeasement in conflict and negotiation: The interpersonal effects of disappointment, worry, guilt, and regret.
Van Kleef, G. A., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.124 · Cited by 227
Poignancy: Mixed emotional experience in the face of meaningful endings.
Ersner-Hershfield, H., Mikels, J. A., Sullivan, S. J., & Carstensen, L. L. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.158 · Cited by 223
Rising to the threat: Reducing stereotype threat by reframing the threat as a challenge
Alter, A. L., Aronson, J. M., Darley, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Ruble, D. N. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.014 · Cited by 216
Effects of self–other decision making on regulatory focus and choice overload.
Polman, E. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026966 · Cited by 187
Misery Has More Company Than People Think: Underestimating the Prevalence of Others’ Negative Emotions
Jordan, A. H., Monin, B., Dweck, C. S., Lovett, B. J., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210390822 · Cited by 182
Turn down the volume or change the channel? Emotional effects of detached versus positive reappraisal
Shiota, M. N., & Levenson, R. W. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029208 · Cited by 174
State anxiety and affective physiology: effects of sustained exposure to affective pictures
Smith, J. C., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2004) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.09.001 · Cited by 162
Implicit regulatory focus associated with asymmetrical frontal cortical activity
Amodio, D. M., Shah, J. Y., Sigelman, J. D., Brazy, P. C., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00100-8 · Cited by 160
Choke or thrive? The relation between salivary cortisol and math performance depends on individual differences in working memory and math-anxiety.
Mattarella-Micke, A., Mateo, J. M., Kozak, M. N., Foster, K. T., & Beilock, S. L. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023224 · Cited by 147
Cork! the Effects of Positive and Negative Self-Talk on Dart Throwing Performance
Raalte, J. L. V., Brewer, B. W., Lewis, B. P., & Linder, D. E. (1995) · Journal of sport behavior · Cited by 143
Turning social identity threat into challenge: Status stability and cardiovascular reactivity during inter-group competition
Scheepers, D. T. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.09.011 · Cited by 138
Understanding emotional transitions: The interpersonal consequences of changing emotions in negotiations.
Filipowicz, A., Barsade, S., & Melwani, S. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023545 · Cited by 108
The Paradoxical Effects of Pursuing Positive Emotion
Ford, B. Q., & Mauss, I. B. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199926725.003.0020 · Cited by 101
Silver linings and candles in the dark: Differences among positive coping strategies in predicting subjective well-being.
Shiota, M. N. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.335 · Cited by 100
The threat vs. challenge of car parking for women: How self- and group affirmation affect cardiovascular responses
Derks, B., Scheepers, D. T., van Laar, C., & Ellemers, N. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.016 · Cited by 87
Anxiety, Cognition and Affect
Spielberger, C. D. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203728215-11 · Cited by 84
Effect of association, dissociation and positive self-talk strategies on endurance performance.
Weinberg, R. S., Smith, J., Jackson, A., & Gould, D. R. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 82
Motivating Goal-Directed Behavior Through Introspective Self-Talk: The Role of the Interrogative Form of Simple Future Tense
Senay, I., Albarracín, D., & Noguchi, K. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610364751 · Cited by 70
Steering sheep: How expressed emotional ambivalence elicits dominance in interdependent decision making contexts
Rothman, N. B. (2011) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.05.004 · Cited by 65
The Fears of Adolescents
Bamber, J. H. (1974) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1974.10532310 · Cited by 63
SOME PARAMETERS OF HEART RATE CHANGE: PERCEPTUAL VERSUS MOTOR TASK REQUIREMENTS, NOXIOUSNESS, AND UNCERTAINTY
Jennings, J. R., Averill, J. R., Opton, E. M., & Lazarus, R. S. (1970) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02226.x · Cited by 60
Validating self-report measures of state and trait anxiety against a physiological measure
Kantor, L., Endler, N. S., Heslegrave, R. J., & Kocovski, N. L. (2001) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-001-1007-2 · Cited by 60
Fear, panic, and anxiety: what's in a name?
Gray, J. A. (1991) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0201_18 · Cited by 48
Splitting of the Mind
Zell, E., Warriner, A. B., & Albarracín, D. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611430164 · Cited by 45
[The effects of positive, negative and neutral self-talk on motor performance].
Dagrou, E., Gauvin, L. I., & Halliwell, W. R. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 32
The Polarizing Effect of Arousal on Negotiation
Brown, A. D., & Curhan, J. R. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613480796 · Cited by 29
The expressed fears of young children
Lentz, K. A. (1985) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/bf00707766 · Cited by 29
Personality through metaphor: Optimism, pessimism, locus of control, and sensation seeking
McConnell, A. R., Bill, C. M., Dember, W. N., & Grasha, A. F. (1993) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02686802 · Cited by 20
Feelings Not Forgone
Andrade, E. B., & Leaf Van Boven, A. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610368809 · Cited by 19
Don’t stop believing
Carr, J. R. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00455091.2015.1123454 · Cited by 17
Challenge and Threat Appraisal
Elliot, A. J. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203888148-37 · Cited by 15

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 105 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects
Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781 · Cited by 5,229
Positive Affect and Health: What Do We Know and Where Next Should We Go?
Pressman, S. D., Jenkins, B. N., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102955 · Cited by 452
The Handbook of Behavior Change
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318 · Cited by 446
Positive Emotions at Work
Diener, E., Thapa, S., & Tay, L. (2020) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044908 · Cited by 373
The Structure of Intrinsic Motivation
Fishbach, A., & Woolley, K. (2021) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-091122 · Cited by 468

See all 349

Authors: Brooks, A. W.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Brooks, Alison Wood
ORCID: Brooks, Alison Wood
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology General
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2014
Volume: 143
Issue: 3
Pages: 1144-1158
ISSN: 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
1939-2222
DOI: 10.1037/a0035325
OpenAlex: W2166132302
Cited by: 349
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7
FWCI: 15.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Wharton Behavioral Lab
Wharton Risk Center
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Keywords: pre-performance anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, excitement, emotional reappraisal, self-talk, public speaking, mathematics achievement, performance anxiety, coping strategies
MeSH terms: Adult, Arousal, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Young Adult, Performance Anxiety

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Get excited: Reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks