Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0
Abstract
Parallels in biological, psychological, and behavioral systems have led to the hypothesis that an addictive process may contribute to problematic eating. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed to provide a validated measure of addictive-like eating behavior based upon the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence. Recently, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) was released, which included significant changes to the substance-related and addictive disorders (SRAD) section. In the current study, the YFAS 2.0 was developed to maintain consistency with the current diagnostic understanding of addiction and to improve the psychometric properties of the original YFAS. In a sample of 550 participants, 14.6% met criteria for food addiction. The YFAS 2.0 demonstrated good internal consistency, as well as convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity. Elevated scores on the YFAS 2.0 were associated with higher rates of obesity and more severe pathological eating (e.g., binge eating). The YFAS 2.0 also appeared to capture a related, but unique construct relative to traditional eating disorders. In a separate sample of 209 participants, the YFAS and YFAS 2.0 were directly compared. Both versions of the YFAS were similarly associated with elevated body mass index, binge eating, and weight cycling. However, exceeding the food addiction threshold was more strongly associated with obesity for the YFAS 2.0 than the original YFAS. Thus, the YFAS 2.0 appears to by a psychometrically sound measure that reflects the current diagnostic understanding of addiction to further investigate the potential role of an addictive process in problematic eating behavior.
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With the validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) in 2009 and the updated YFAS 2.0 in 2016, FA in humans has been operationalized across hundreds of studies.
“With the validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) in 2009 [42] and the updated YFAS 2.0 in 2016 [43], FA in humans has been operationalized across hundreds of studies.”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
The YFAS 2.0 reflects updated DSM-5 criteria.
“The YFAS 2.0 (released 2016) reflects updated criteria in the DSM-5 [2].”
From Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
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Morin, J., Rodríguez-Durán, L. F., Guzmán-Ramos, K. R., Perez‐Cruz, C., Ferreira, G., Díaz-Cintra, S. Y., & Pacheco‐López, G. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00019 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
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Attentional and motor impulsivity interactively predict ‘food addiction’ in obese individuals
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The concept of “food addiction” helps inform the understanding of overeating and obesity: NO
Hebebrand, J., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa344 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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Food addiction and impaired executive functions in women with obesity
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Psychometric properties of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 in a large Brazilian sample
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The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
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A systematic review of instruments for the assessment of eating disorders among adults
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Eating Disorders Spectrum During the COVID Pandemic: A Systematic Review
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Development of the Highly Processed Food Withdrawal Scale
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Improving Assessment of the Spectrum of Reward-Related Eating: The RED-13
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Neuroscience of Compulsive Eating Behavior
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Food addiction prevalence and concurrent validity in African American adolescents with obesity.
LaFata, E. M., Jacques‐Tiura, A. J., Gearhardt, A. N., & Naar, S. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000325 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Pape, M., Herpertz, S., Schroeder, S., Seiferth, C., Färber, T., Wolstein, J. R., & Steins‐Loeber, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736454 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
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A Critical Examination of the Practical Implications Derived from the Food Addiction Concept
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Food addiction and mental health in adolescents: a systematic review
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Subjective experiences of highly processed food consumption in individuals with food addiction.
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The Role of Reward Sensitivity and Impulsivity in Overeating and Food Addiction
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Food addiction and psychiatric comorbidities: a review of current evidence
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The Psycho-Affective Roots of Obesity: Results from a French Study in the General Population
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Validation of the Japanese Version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (J-YFAS 2.0)
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Nutritional Aspects of Food Addiction
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- Authors
- Gearhardt, A. N., Corbin, W. R., & Brownell, K. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 113-121
- ISSN
- 0893-164X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1501
- OpenAlex
- W2394736626
- Cited by
- 740
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 12
- FWCI
- 68.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- Yale Food Addiction Scale, food addiction, problematic eating, scale development, psychometric validation, obesity, binge eating, weight cycling, eating disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Behavior, Addictive, Young Adult
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