Agency‐Communion and Self‐Esteem Relations Are Moderated by Culture, Religiosity, Age, and Sex: Evidence for the “Self‐Centrality Breeds Self‐Enhancement” Principle
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OBJECTIVE: Who has high self-esteem? Is it ambitious, competitive, outgoing people-agentic personalities? Or is it caring, honest, understanding people-communal personalities? The literature on agency-communion and self-esteem is sparse, indirect, and inconsistent. Based on William James's theorizing, we propose the "self-centrality breeds self-enhancement" principle. Accordingly, agency will be linked to self-esteem, if agency is self-central. Conversely, communion will be linked to self-esteem, if communion is self-central. But what determines the self-centrality of agency and communion? The literature suggests that agency is self-central in agentic cultures, as well as among nonreligious individuals, men, and younger adults. Communion is self-central in communal cultures, as well as among religious individuals, women, and older adults. METHOD: This study examined 187,957 people (47% female; mean age = 37.49 years, SD = 12.22) from 11 cultures. The large sample size afforded us the opportunity to test simultaneously the effect of all four moderators in a single two-level model (participants nested in cultures). RESULTS: Results supported the unique moderating effect of culture, religiosity, age, and sex on the relation between agency-communion and self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: Agentic and communal people can both have high self-esteem, depending on self-centrality of agency and communion.
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Agency is more strongly linked to self-esteem than Communion is.
“Furthermore, Agency (a close relative of E) is more strongly linked to self-esteem than is Communion (a close relative of A) (Gebauer, Wagner et al., 2013;Gecas & Seff, 1989;Wojciszke et al., 2011).”
From Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem. (2015) · cites this paper as Gebauer, Wagner et al., 2013
Gebauer et al. found a stronger agency-esteem relation with increasing country-level agency and a stronger communion-esteem relation with increasing country-level communion.
“They found a stronger agency-esteem relation with increasing country-level agency and a stronger communion-esteem relation with increasing country-level communion.”
From Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem. (2015) · cites this paper as Gebauer, Wagner, Sedikides, and Neberich (2013)
The informant-report evidence for cultural norm-fulfillment is a key extension of prior research because all prior research relied exclusively on self-reports.
“This in itself is a key extension of prior research on cultural norm-fulfillment because all prior research has relied exclusively on selfreports (Becker et al., 2004;Fulmer et al., 2010;Gebauer, Wagner et al., 2013;Goodwin et al., 2012).”
From Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem. (2015) · cites this paper as Gebauer, Wagner et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Gebauer, J. E., Wagner, J., Sedikides, C., & Neberich, W.
- Affiliations
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Affinitas GmbH
- Corresponding author
- Gebauer, Jochen E.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-02-20
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 261-275
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W1548902715
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 14.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- self-esteem, agency, communion, self-enhancement, culture, religiosity, age, sex differences, William James, cross-cultural comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Culture, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Religion, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Personal Autonomy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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