Neuroimaging of Language: Why Hasn't a Clearer Picture Emerged?

Fedorenko, Evelina; Kanwisher, Nancy

doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2009.00143.x

Cited by 117Neurobiology of Language and BilingualismReading and Literacy DevelopmentLanguage Development and Disorders

Neuroimaging of Language: Why Hasn't a Clearer Picture Emerged?

Fedorenko, Evelina, Kanwisher, Nancy·2009·Language and Linguistics Compass

DOI 10.1111/j.1749-818x.2009.00143.x

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Abstract

Two broad questions have driven dozens of studies on the neural basis of language published in the last several decades: (i) Are distinct cortical regions engaged in different aspects of language? (ii) Are regions engaged in language processing specific to the domain of language? Neuroimaging has not yet provided clear answers to either question. In this paper, we discuss one factor that is a likely contributor to the unclear state of affairs in the neurocognition of language, and that, in our opinion, has not received sufficient attention in the recent literature. In particular, fMRI studies of language have relied, almost exclusively, on group analyses, in which data from multiple individuals are co‐registered to and analyzed in a common space. We argue that this approach can obscure functional specificity because of the anatomical variability across individual brains, and we advocate the use of an alternative approach – the functional localization approach – that circumvents this problem.

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Definitively addressing the question of neural overlap between linguistic and nonlinguistic functions requires examining overlap within individual subjects.
“Definitively addressing the question of neural overlap between linguistic and nonlinguistic functions requires examining overlap within individual subjects (27, 28), a data analysis strategy that has almost never been applied in neuroimaging investigations of high-level linguistic processing.”
From Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain (2011) · cites this paper as [27]
Studies performing intersubject averaging might average away meaningful signal and fail to find significant relationships.
“Therefore, studies performing intersubject averaging might average away meaningful signal and fail to find significant relationships (Fedorenko and Kanwisher, 2009).”
From The Representation of Semantic Information Across Human Cerebral Cortex During Listening Versus Reading Is Invariant to Stimulus Modality (2019) · cites this paper as Fedorenko and Kanwisher, 2009
Anatomical normalization procedures used in previous studies tend to smooth and mask the substantial individual variability in language processing.
“However, the anatomical normalization procedures used in these studies tend to smooth and mask the substantial individual variability in language processing (Caramazza, 1986;Steinmetz and Seitz, 1991;Fedorenko and Kanwisher, 2009).”
From The Representation of Semantic Information Across Human Cerebral Cortex During Listening Versus Reading Is Invariant to Stimulus Modality (2019) · cites this paper as Fedorenko and Kanwisher, 2009

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Functional specificity in the human brain: a window into the functional architecture of the mind
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“However, the anatomical normalization procedures used in these studies tend to smooth and mask the substantial individual variability in language processing (Caramazza, 1986; Steinmetz and Seitz, 1991; Fedorenko and Kanwisher, 2009).”
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Authors: Fedorenko, E., & Kanwisher, N.
Affiliations: McGovern Institute for Brain Research (US)
ORCID: Fedorenko, Evelina
Kanwisher, Nancy
Venue: Language and Linguistics Compass
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-07
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 839-865
ISSN: 1749-818X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-818x.2009.00143.x
OpenAlex: W2067711570
Cited by: 117
References: 153
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 3.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Language and Linguistics Compass (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Keywords: neural basis of language, functional localization, anatomical variation, individual differences, group analysis, domain specificity, language processing, neuroimaging of language

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Neuroimaging of Language: Why Hasn't a Clearer Picture Emerged?

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