Quantum phase transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulator in a gas of ultracold atoms
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For a system at a temperature of absolute zero, all thermal fluctuations are frozen out, while quantum fluctuations prevail. These microscopic quantum fluctuations can induce a macroscopic phase transition in the ground state of a many-body system when the relative strength of two competing energy terms is varied across a critical value. Here we observe such a quantum phase transition in a Bose-Einstein condensate with repulsive interactions, held in a three-dimensional optical lattice potential. As the potential depth of the lattice is increased, a transition is observed from a superfluid to a Mott insulator phase. In the superfluid phase, each atom is spread out over the entire lattice, with long-range phase coherence. But in the insulating phase, exact numbers of atoms are localized at individual lattice sites, with no phase coherence across the lattice; this phase is characterized by a gap in the excitation spectrum. We can induce reversible changes between the two ground states of the system.
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Analogue quantum simulation with ultra-cold neutral atoms has been performed in research labs for many years and is being used for various applications ranging from statistical physics and material science to high-energy physics and astrophysics.
“Analogue quantum simulation with ultra-cold neutral atoms has been performed in research labs since many years and is being used for various applications ranging from statistical physics [78] and material science, such as the investigation of high-temperature superconductors [79][80][81][82][83][84], or simulation of spin systems [85][86][87][88][89] to high-energy physics and astrophysics [90][91”
From Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective (2023) · cites this paper as [78]
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- Authors
- Greiner, M., Mandel, O., Esslinger, T., Hänsch, T. W., & Bloch, I.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (DE)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Bloch, Immanuel
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 415
- Issue
- 6867
- Pages
- 39-44
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2007391198
- Cited by
- 5,935
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 189 · 2021: 180 · 2020: 189 · 2019: 243 · 2018: 206 · 2017: 225 · 2016: 257 · 2015: 242 · 2014: 292 · 2013: 286 · 2012: 311
- FWCI
- 188.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- APS Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Meeting Abstracts
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Strong Light-Matter Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum, superfluid, helium dynamics
- Keywords
- quantum phase transitions, superfluid-Mott insulator transition, Bose-Einstein condensate, ultracold atoms, optical lattices, repulsive interactions, quantum fluctuations, phase coherence, excitation gap
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