Is glycaemic index (GI) a valid measure of carbohydrate quality?
Abstract
Recent criticisms of the glycaemic index (GI) focus on its validity with assertions that GI methodology is not valid, GI values are inaccurate and imprecise, GI does not predict what foods are healthy and that whole grain and fibre are better markers of carbohydrate quality than GI. None of the critics provide sound reasons for rejecting GI because some of their arguments are based on flagrant errors in understanding and interpretation while others are not supported by current data or are inconsistent with other nutritional recommendations. This paper addresses current criticisms of GI and outlines reasons why GI is valid: (1) GI methodology is accurate and precise enough for practical use; (2) GI is a property of foods; and (3) GI is biologically meaningful and relevant to virtually everyone. Current dietary guidelines recommend increased consumption of whole grains and dietary fibre but do not mention GI. However, this is illogical because the evidence that GI affects health outcomes is at least as good or better than that for whole grains and fibre. GI is a novel concept from a regulatory point of view and a number of problems need to be addressed to successfully translate GI knowledge into practice. The problems are not insurmountable but no progress can be made until bias and misunderstanding about GI can be overcome and there is better agreement about what is the actual state of knowledge on GI so that the real issues can be identified and addressed.
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GL is a validated predictor of postprandial glycemia with consumption of typical foods, meals, or eating patterns.
“GL is a validated predictor of postprandial glycemia with consumption of typical foods, meals, or eating patterns (32–34).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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Murakami, K., Miyake, Y., Sasaki, S., Tanaka, K., Fukushima, W., Kiyohara, C., Tsuboi, Y., Yamada, T., Oeda, T., Miki, T., et al. (2009) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.05.021 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Maternal Dietary Glycemic Intake and the Risk of Neural Tube Defects
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Much Ado About (Almost) Nothing
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Glycaemic Index, Glycaemic Load and Exercise Performance
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Shikany, J. M., Flood, A. P., Kitahara, C. M., Hsing, A. W., Meyer, T. E., Willcox, B. J., Redden, D. T., & Ziegler, R. G. (2011) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9772-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Self-citationAziz, A. A. (2009) · Journal of AOAC International · doi:10.1093/jaoac/92.3.879 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mursu, J., Virtanen, J. K., Rissanen, T. H., Tuomainen, T.-P., Nykänen, I., Laukkanen, J. A., Kortelainen, R., & Voutilainen, S. (2011) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.08.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Clapp, J. F., & Lopez, B. (2007) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2006.0040 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Radin, R. G., Palmer, J. R., Rosenberg, L. A., Kumanyika, S., & Wise, L. A. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28698 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Similä, M. E., Valsta, L. M., Virtanen, M. J., Hätönen, K. A., & Virtamo, J. R. K. (2008) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508079634 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Jones, J. M. (2012) · Nutrition Today · doi:10.1097/nt.0b013e31826c4fc4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
In Defense of the American Diabetes Associationʼs Recommendations on the glycemic index
Franz, M. J., & Franz, M. J. (1999) · Nutrition Today · doi:10.1097/00017285-199903000-00004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Self-citationGlycemic index : The analytical perspective
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Glycemic index, glycemic load, wellness and beauty: the state of the art
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Use of glycemic index to estimate mixed-meal glycemic response
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Self-citationWolever, T. M. S., Ip, B. C., & Moghaddam, E. (2006) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/bjn20061914 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationWolever, T. M. S. (2012) · Nutrition Today · doi:10.1097/nt.0b013e31826de5ec · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
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Augustin, L. S. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Jenkins, D. J. A., Willett, W. C., Astrup, A., Barclay, A. W., Björck, I., Brand-Miller, J. C., Brighenti, F., Buyken, A. E., et al. (2015) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.05.005 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Self-citationThe carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic
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Nutrition therapy within and beyond gestational diabetes
Hernandez, T. L., Mande, A., & Barbour, L. A. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.04.004 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wolever, T. M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Wolever, T M S
- ORCID
- Wolever, T M S
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2013-02-13
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 522-531
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2122695788
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- VINNOVA
- Health Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (79382_1)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- glycemic index, carbohydrate quality, whole grains, dietary fiber, dietary guidelines, health outcomes, food regulation, dietary recommendations
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Humans, Nutrition Policy, Glycemic Index, Validation Studies as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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