Cited by 800Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and DiseaseCell death mechanisms and regulationImmunotherapy and Immune Responses

A novel pathway combining calreticulin exposure and ATP secretion in immunogenic cancer cell death

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Garg, Abhishek D, Krysko, Dmitri V, Verfaillie, Tom, Kaczmarek, Agnieszka, Ferreira, Gabriela B, Marysael, Thierry, Rubio, Noemi, Firczuk, Malgorzata +7 more·2012·The EMBO Journal

Abstract

Surface-exposed calreticulin (ecto-CRT) and secreted ATP are crucial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) for immunogenic apoptosis. Inducers of immunogenic apoptosis rely on an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-based (reactive oxygen species (ROS)-regulated) pathway for ecto-CRT induction, but the ATP secretion pathway is unknown. We found that after photodynamic therapy (PDT), which generates ROS-mediated ER stress, dying cancer cells undergo immunogenic apoptosis characterized by phenotypic maturation (CD80(high), CD83(high), CD86(high), MHC-II(high)) and functional stimulation (NO(high), IL-10(absent), IL-1β(high)) of dendritic cells as well as induction of a protective antitumour immune response. Intriguingly, early after PDT the cancer cells displayed ecto-CRT and secreted ATP before exhibiting biochemical signatures of apoptosis, through overlapping PERK-orchestrated pathways that require a functional secretory pathway and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mediated plasma membrane/extracellular trafficking. Interestingly, eIF2α phosphorylation and caspase-8 signalling are dispensable for this ecto-CRT exposure. We also identified LRP1/CD91 as the surface docking site for ecto-CRT and found that depletion of PERK, PI3K p110α and LRP1 but not caspase-8 reduced the immunogenicity of the cancer cells. These results unravel a novel PERK-dependent subroutine for the early and simultaneous emission of two critical DAMPs following ROS-mediated ER stress.

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  • CALR knockdown or defects in CALR exposure abolish ability of anthracycline-treated dying cancer cells to establish protective immunity in mice; recombinant CALR confers immunogenic properties to non-immunogenic RCD.

    “In line with a key role of CALR in the immunogenicity of RCD, the RNAi-mediated knockdown of CALR as well as natural defects in the CALR exposure pathway reportedly abolish the ability of dying cancer cells succumbing to anthracyclines to establish protective immunity in mice, whereas the exogenous provision of recombinant CALR confers immunogenic properties to otherwise non-immunogenic variants”

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Authors
Garg, A. D., Krysko, D. V., Verfaillie, T., Kaczmarek, A., Ferreira, G. B., Marysael, T., Rubio, N., Firczuk, M., Mathieu, C., Roebroek, A. J. M., Annaert, W., Golab, J., de Witte, P., Vandenabeele, P., & Agostinis, P.
Affiliations
  • KU Leuven (BE)
  • Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (BE)
Corresponding author
Agostinis, Patrizia
Venue
The EMBO Journal
Published
2012-01-17
Volume
31
Issue
5
Pages
1062-1079
ISSN
  • 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2075
OpenAlex
W1942176190
Cited by
800
References
76
Citations by year
2026: 43 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 25
FWCI
24.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
  • Lirias (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • University of Alberta
  • European Commission (200767)
  • Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej
  • Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
  • Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (G.0529.08)
  • KU Leuven (GOA/11/009)
  • Universiteit Gent (01M00709)
  • Servier
  • Vlaamse regering (BOF09/01M00709)
  • European Regional Development Fund (POIG. 01.01.02-00-008/08)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disease
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Keywords
calreticulin, ATP release, immunogenic cancer cell death, photodynamic therapy, reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, PERK, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, damage-associated molecular patterns, dendritic cell maturation, antitumor immunity, caspase-8, eIF2α phosphorylation, secretory pathway
MeSH terms
CD83 Antigen, Adenosine Triphosphate, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, Cell Line, Dendritic Cells, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Humans, Immunoglobulins, Membrane Glycoproteins, Neoplasms, Antigens, CD, Cell Death, Photosensitizing Agents, Reactive Oxygen Species, B7-1 Antigen, Calreticulin, B7-2 Antigen

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