Influence of the modern light environment on mood
Abstract
Humans and other organisms have adapted to a consistent and predictable 24-h solar cycle, but over the past ~130 years the widespread adoption of electric light has transformed our environment. Instead of aligning behavioral and physiological processes to the natural solar cycle, individuals respond to artificial light cycles created by social and work schedules. Urban light pollution, night shift work, transmeridian travel, televisions and computers have dramatically altered the timing of light used to entrain biological rhythms. In humans and other mammals, light is detected by the retina and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells project this information both to the circadian system and limbic brain regions. Therefore, it is possible that exposure to light at night, which has become pervasive, may disrupt both circadian timing and mood. Notably, the rate of major depression has increased in recent decades, in parallel with increasing exposure to light at night. Strong evidence already links circadian disruption to major depression and other mood disorders. Emerging evidence from the past few years suggests that exposure to light at night also negatively influences mood. In this review, we discuss evidence from recent human and rodent studies supporting the novel hypothesis that nighttime exposure to light disrupts circadian organization and contributes to depressed mood.
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It is reasonable to expect that widespread disruption of circadian rhythms would contribute to the prevalence of mood disorders.
“Thus, it is reasonable to expect that widespread disruption of circadian rhythms would contribute to the prevalence of mood disorders9,32,33.”
From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
Studies using Swiss Webster mice, which have no detectable pineal melatonin, versus Siberian hamsters, which have a robust pineal melatonin rhythm, have reported similar effects of light at night on affective responses.
“Nonetheless, studies using Swiss Webster mice (which have no detectable pineal melatonin) vs. Siberian hamsters (which have a robust pineal melatonin rhythm) have reported similar effects of light at night on affective responses33,59–61.”
From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
Chronic shift-workers are vulnerable to various diseases, including psychiatric disorders such as depression.
“For example, chronic shift-workers (workers with rotating schedules or consistent night shifts) are vulnerable to various diseases13,14, including psychiatric disorders such as depression15–19.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Bedrosian, T. A., & Nelson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bedrosian, T A
- Venue
- Molecular Psychiatry
- Published
- 2013-05-28
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 751-757
- ISSN
- 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5578
- OpenAlex
- W1998785537
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- light at night, circadian rhythm disruption, mood, major depressive disorder, light pollution, night shift work, transmeridian travel, artificial light exposure, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, circadian entrainment, limbic system, rodent models
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Lighting, Photoperiod, Mood Disorders
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