Coevolution of metal availability and nitrogen assimilation in cyanobacteria and algae
Abstract
Marine primary producers adapted over eons to the changing chemistry of the oceans. Because a number of metalloenzymes are necessary for N assimilation, changes in the availability of transition metals posed a particular challenge to the supply of this critical nutrient that regulates marine biomass and productivity. Integrating recently developed geochemical, biochemical, and genetic evidence, we infer that the use of metals in N assimilation - particularly Fe and Mo - can be understood in terms of the history of metal availability through time. Anoxic, Fe-rich Archean oceans were conducive to the evolution of Fe-using enzymes that assimilate abiogenic NH(4)(+) and NO(2)(-). The N demands of an expanding biosphere were satisfied by the evolution of biological N(2) fixation, possibly utilizing only Fe. Trace O(2) in late Archean environments, and the eventual 'Great Oxidation Event' c. 2.3 Ga, mobilized metals such as Mo, enabling the evolution of Mo (or V)-based N(2) fixation and the Mo-dependent enzymes for NO(3)(-) assimilation and denitrification by prokaryotes. However, the subsequent onset of deep-sea euxinia, an increasingly-accepted idea, may have kept ocean Mo inventories low and depressed Fe, limiting the rate of N(2) fixation and the supply of fixed N. Eukaryotic ecosystems may have been particularly disadvantaged by N scarcity and the high Mo requirement of eukaryotic NO(3)(-) assimilation. Thorough ocean oxygenation in the Neoproterozoic led to Mo-rich oceans, possibly contributing to the proliferation of eukaryotes and thus the Cambrian explosion of metazoan life. These ideas can be tested by more intensive study of the metal requirements in N assimilation and the biological strategies for metal uptake, regulation, and storage.
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This scenario is supported by culture studies of Zerkle et al. (2006) and Glass et al. (2009).
“This is a scenario supported by the culture studies of Zerkle et al. (2006) and Glass et al. (2009).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Glass et al., 2009
Zerkle et al. (2006) and Glass et al. (2009) have shown that very low Mo concentrations can support near modern levels of nitrogen fixation.
“although Zerkle et al. (2006) and Glass et al. (2009) have both shown that very low Mo concentrations are capable of supporting near modern levels of nitrogen fixation.”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Glass et al., 2009
Mo-nitrogenase activity at very low Mo levels is physiologically consistent with culture studies.
“This would be physiologically consistent with observations of Mo-nitrogenase activity at very low Mo levels in culture studies”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Glass et al., 2009
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- Authors
- GLASS, J. B., WOLFE‐SIMON, F., & ANBAR, A. D.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- GLASS, J. B.
- Venue
- Geobiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 100-123
- ISSN
- 1472-4669 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-4677
- OpenAlex
- W2140155508
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 293
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Metalloenzymes and iron-sulfur proteins
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Keywords
- nitrogen assimilation, metal availability, cyanobacteria, algae, iron, molybdenum, nitrogen fixation, metalloenzymes, Great Oxidation Event, euxinia, Archean ocean, Cambrian explosion, eukaryotic evolution, marine primary producers
- MeSH terms
- Cyanobacteria, Biological Evolution, Metals, Nitrogen, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Eukaryota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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