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Regulation of synaptic connectivity by glia.
Open accessAbstract
The human brain contains more than 100 trillion (10(14)) synaptic connections, which form all of its neural circuits. Neuroscientists have long been interested in how this complex synaptic web is weaved during development and remodelled during learning and disease. Recent studies have uncovered that glial cells are important regulators of synaptic connectivity. These cells are far more active than was previously thought and are powerful controllers of synapse formation, function, plasticity and elimination, both in health and disease. Understanding how signalling between glia and neurons regulates synaptic development will offer new insight into how the nervous system works and provide new targets for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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“Evidence now shows that astrocytes are directly involved in synaptic connections and control, ranging from ionic balance to the genesis and behavior of synapses”
From Interlaminar and varicose-projection astrocytes: toward a new understanding of the primate brain (2024) · cites this paper as Eroglu and Barres, 2010
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“By contrast, however, the formation of functional synapses requires factors secreted by glial cells (Banker, 1980; Eroglu and Barres, 2010; Wu et al, 2007).”
BackgroundNeuronal exosomes facilitate synaptic pruning by up-regulating complement factors in microglia
Bahrini, I., Song, J., Díez, D., & Hanayama, R. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep07989 · Cited by 206
Evolving Concepts of Gliogenesis: A Look Way Back and Ahead to the Next 25 Years
Freeman, M. R., & Rowitch, D. H. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.034 · Cited by 202
“Progress in the field has been comprehensively covered in many outstanding recent reviews (Aguzzi et al., 2013; Attwell et al., 2010; Emery, 2010; Eroglu and Barres, 2010; Freeman, 2010; Molofsky et al., 2012; Nave, 2010).”
Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research—Glial Scar Formation and Neural Regeneration
Clifford, T., Finkel, Z., Rodriguez, B., Joseph, A., & Cai, L. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12060853 · Cited by 211
“Uptakes excess glutamate preventing chronic glutamate neurotoxicity [70,71]”
BackgroundEffects of central and peripheral inflammation on hippocampal synaptic plasticity
Filippo, M. D., Chiasserini, D., Gardoni, F., Viviani, B., Tozzi, A., Giampà, C., Costa, C., Tantucci, M., Zianni, E., Boraso, M., et al. (2013) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2012.12.009 · Cited by 206
“…recent evidence suggests that glial cells might represent a critical third element of the synapse in addition to the preand the postsynaptic neurons (Eroglu and Barres, 2010) and that immune diffusible mediators such as pro-inflammatory cytokines may play a central role in neuronal-network…”
Stratified medicine for mental disorders
Schumann, G., Binder, E. B., Holte, A., de Kloet, E. R., Oedegaard, K. J., Robbins, T. W., Walker-Tilley, T. R., Bitter, I., Brown, V. J., Buitelaar, J., et al. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.09.010 · Cited by 186
“These include astrocytes and microglia as well as modulatory influences of peripheral cells such as immune cells (Eroglu and Barres, 2010; Graeber, 2010; Miller et al., 2009).”
BackgroundKim, Y. H., Park, J., & Choi, Y. K. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox8050121 · Cited by 211
“Astrocytes not only regulate blood flow, but also transfer mitochondria to neurons, and supply the building blocks of neurotransmitters, which fuel neuronal metabolism [2,11,57].”
BackgroundAltered glial marker expression in autistic post-mortem prefrontal cortex and cerebellum
Edmonson, C. A., Ziats, M. N., & Rennert, O. M. (2014) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-5-3 · Cited by 207
“Because separate studies have shown that microglia and astrocytes play critical roles in sculpting developing synapses during normal neurodevelopment [24,25], it is reasonable to hypothesize that inherent defects or aberrant numbers of microglia and astrocytes in the developing autistic brain may be causative of the s…”
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Activation and Role of Astrocytes in Ischemic Stroke
Shen, X.-Y., Gao, Z.-K., Han, Y., Yuan, M., Guo, Y., & Bi, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.755955 · Cited by 198
“On the other hand, it can also handle the formation of synapses (Ullian et al., 2001, 2004; Eroglu and Barres, 2010) and the energy supply of neurons.”
BackgroundHow many neurons do you have? Some dogmas of quantitative neuroscience under revision
Lent, R., Azevedo, F. A. C., Andrade-Moraes, C. H., & de Oliveira-Pinto, A. V. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07923.x · Cited by 233
“In adults, they play important roles in synapse physiology (Eroglu & Barres, 2010), neurovascular interactions (Nedergaard et al., 2003), immune mechanisms and circuit stabilization (Graeber, 2010), signal conduction (Yamazaki et al., 2010), fiber maintenance and regeneration (Nave, 2010), and…”
BackgroundCortical astrocytes rewire somatosensory cortical circuits for peripheral neuropathic pain
Kim, S. K., Hayashi, H., Ishikawa, T., Shibata, K., Shigetomi, E., Shinozaki, Y., Inada, H., Roh, S. E., Kim, S. J., Lee, G., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci82859 · Cited by 202
Xu, F., Piett, C. G., Farkas, S., Qazzaz, M., & Syed, N. I. (2013) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/1756-6606-6-29 · Cited by 181
“It is well appreciated that glial cells not only play crucial supportive roles in the development and maintenance of neuronal structures, but that they also actively communicate with neurons to enable synapse formation, synaptic transmission, plasticity and synaptic homeostasis [37,38].”
BackgroundMetal ions as modulators of protein conformation and misfolding in neurodegeneration
Leal, S. S., Botelho, H. M., & Gomes, C. M. (2012) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.004 · Cited by 187
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Ephrin regulation of synapse formation, function and plasticity
Hruska, M., & Dalva, M. B. (2012) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2012.03.004 · Cited by 174
“Neuron–glia communication is an important regulator of synapse development and function (Eroglu and Barres, 2010).”
BackgroundAstrocytes refine cortical connectivity at dendritic spines
Risher, W. C., Patel, S. S., Kim, I. H., Uezu, A., Bhagat, S., Wilton, D. K., Pilaz, L., Alvarado, J. S., Calhan, O. Y., Silver, D. L., et al. (2014) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.04047 · Cited by 184
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“Soluble oligomers of the amyloid- peptide (A Os) accumulate in AD brains (Gong et al., 2003) and are increasingly considered major toxins leading to neuronal dysfunction in AD (Ferreira and Klein, 2011; Mucke and Selkoe, 2012; Hong et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMesh electronics: a new paradigm for tissue-like brain probes
Hong, G., Yang, X., Zhou, T., & Lieber, C. M. (2018) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2017.11.007 · Cited by 159
“Third, brain tissue comprises organized 3D networks of neurons and non-neuronal cells, such as astrocytes and microglia, which impacts two major points for probe design: firstly, The probe structure should not disrupt the 3D connectivity where each neuron is innervated by as many as 10 000 presynaptic endings [6]; sec…”
The interplay between neurons and glia in synapse development and plasticity
Stogsdill, J. A., & Eroğlu, Ç. (2016) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2016.09.016 · Cited by 182
“Glia control the formation of synaptic circuits In the CNS, glial cells are in tight association with synapses in all brain regions [2].”
Self-citationTyzack, G. E., Sitnikov, S., Barson, D. G., Adams-Carr, K. L., Lau, N. K., Kwok, J. C. F., Zhao, C., Franklin, R. J. M., Káradóttir, R. T., Fawcett, J. W., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5294 · Cited by 169
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“In this context, astrocytes release neuroactive molecules (such as glutamate, ATP, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and D-serine) in the presence of elevated Ca2+, which in turn influence neuronal excitability (Araque et al., 1999; Perea et al., 2009; Eroglu and Barres, 2010).”
BackgroundMorphological plasticity of astroglia: Understanding synaptic microenvironment
Heller, J. P., & Rusakov, D. A. (2015) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22821 · Cited by 160
“However, the cellular architectural basis and the molecular machinery that are causal to physiological and morphogenetic events inside PAPs remain an enigma.”
BackgroundTang, X., Zhou, L., Biel, A., Marchetto, M. C., Muotri, A. R., Gage, F. H., & Chen, G. (2013) · Stem Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.scr.2013.05.002 · Cited by 143
“Previous studies have demonstrated that glial cells are fundamentally important for neuronal synapse formation and plasticity (Banker, 1980; Haydon, 2001; Yang et al., 2003; Hama et al., 2004; Barres, 2008; Eroglu and Barres, 2010).”
Neuron-Glia Interactions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Kim, Y. S., Choi, J., & Yoon, B. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9102176 · Cited by 154
“However, some studies have reported that several functions of glia contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy [44,45].”
BackgroundHuntingtin Is Required for Normal Excitatory Synapse Development in Cortical and Striatal Circuits
McKinstry, S. U., Karadeniz, Y., Worthington, A. K., Hayrapetyan, V. Y., Ozlu, M. I., Serafin-Molina, K., Risher, W. C., Ustunkaya, T., Dragatsis, I., Zeitlin, S. O., et al. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4699-13.2014 · Cited by 159
“Two classes of glial cells, astrocytes and microglia, are known to play critical roles in regulating synaptic development and homeostasis (Eroglu and Barres, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAstrocyte–Neuron Networks: A Multilane Highway of Signaling for Homeostatic Brain Function
Mederos, S., González-Arias, C., & Perea, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00045 · Cited by 150
Genetics of human brain development
Zhou, Y. F., Song, H., & Ming, G. (2023) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-023-00626-5 · Cited by 195
“In addition, mutations causing glia-associated pathology can lead to developmental delay and other disease traits owing to critical roles of glia in synapse modulation 155 .”
A Lifespan Approach to Neuroinflammatory and Cognitive Disorders: A Critical Role for Glia
Bilbo, S. D., Smith, S. H., & Schwarz, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-011-9299-y · Cited by 133
“However, astrocytes are the largest glial cell population within the brain, and their role in synaptic plasticity mechanisms is now well accepted (reviewed in Eroglu and Barres 2010).”
BackgroundMitochondria as a centrally positioned hub in the innate immune response
Sandhir, R., Halder, A., & Sunkaria, A. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.020 · Cited by 135
Metadata
- Authors
- Eroglu, C., & Barres, B. A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- ORCID
- Barres, Ben A.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 468
- Issue
- 7321
- Pages
- 223-231
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4431554
- OpenAlex
- W1973477241
- Cited by
- 813
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA015043)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- glial cells, synaptic connectivity, synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, synaptic plasticity, synaptic development, learning, neurological disorders
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axons, Central Nervous System Diseases, Drosophila melanogaster, Humans, Synaptic Transmission, Neuroglia, Synapses
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