Cited by 556Vagus Nerve Stimulation ResearchNeuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyStress Responses and Cortisol

Elaborate interactions between the immune and nervous systems

Steinman, Lawrence·2004·Nature Immunology

Abstract

The immune system and the nervous system maintain extensive communication, including 'hardwiring' of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to lymphoid organs. Neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P and histamine modulate immune activity. Neuroendocrine hormones such as corticotropin-releasing factor, leptin and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone regulate cytokine balance. The immune system modulates brain activity, including body temperature, sleep and feeding behavior. Molecules such as the major histocompatibility complex not only direct T cells to immunogenic molecules held in its cleft but also modulate development of neuronal connections. Neurobiologists and immunologists are exploring common ideas like the synapse to understand properties such as memory that are shared in these two systems.

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Crossref · 10.1038/ni1078

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  • Restricting bed time to 4 h per night for 4 days before and 2 days after influenza vaccination results in influenza-virus-specific antibody titers 10 days after vaccination more than doubled in participants allowed their usual 7.5-8 h bed time compared with those with restricted sleep.

    “Influenza-virus-specific antibody titers measured 10 days after vaccination were more than doubled in participants that were allowed to keep their usual bed time of 7.5–8 h compared with those with restricted sleep (522).”

    From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [522]

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Authors
Steinman, L.
Affiliations
Stanford Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Steinman, Lawrence
Venue
Nature Immunology
Published
2004-05-26
Volume
5
Issue
6
Pages
575-581
ISSN
  • 1529-2908 (ISSN-L)
  • 1529-2916
OpenAlex
W1995335058
Cited by
556
References
99
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 29
FWCI
2.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Nature Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institutes of Health
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
neuroimmunology, neurotransmitters, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, histamine, neuroendocrine hormones, corticotropin-releasing factor, leptin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, cytokine regulation, body temperature, sleep, feeding behavior, major histocompatibility complex, neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, memory
MeSH terms
Animals, Behavior, Behavior, Animal, Fever, Humans, Immune System, Lymphoid Tissue, Nervous System, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, Synapses, Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System

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