Sleep after Vaccination Boosts Immunological Memory
Abstract
Sleep regulates immune functions. We asked whether sleep can influence immunological memory formation. Twenty-seven healthy men were vaccinated against hepatitis A three times, at weeks 0, 8, and 16 with conditions of sleep versus wakefulness in the following night. Sleep was recorded polysomnographically, and hormone levels were assessed throughout the night. Vaccination-induced Th cell and Ab responses were repeatedly monitored for 1 y. Compared with the wake condition, sleep after vaccination doubled the frequency of Ag-specific Th cells and increased the fraction of Th1 cytokine-producing cells in this population. Moreover, sleep markedly increased Ag-specific IgG1. The effects were followed up for 1 y and were associated with high sleep slow-wave activity during the postvaccination night as well as with accompanying levels of immunoregulatory hormones (i.e., increased growth hormone and prolactin but decreased cortisol release). Our findings provide novel evidence that sleep promotes human Th1 immune responses, implicating a critical role for slow-wave sleep in this process. The proinflammatory milieu induced during this sleep stage apparently acts as adjuvant that facilitates the transfer of antigenic information from APCs to Ag-specific Th cells. Like the nervous system, the immune system takes advantage of the offline conditions during sleep to foster adaptive immune responses resulting in improved immunological memory.
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Vaccination as an experimental model of infection has been used as a straightforward approach to comprehensively assess effects of sleep on the formation of immunological memory mainly in humans where this approach quite consistently revealed an enhancing effect of sleep on the adaptive immune response and measures of antigenic memory.
“Vaccination as an experimental model of infection has been used as a straightforward approach to comprehensively assess effects of sleep on the formation of immunological memory mainly in humans where this approach quite consistently revealed an enhancing effect of sleep on the adaptive immune response and measures of antigenic memory.”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [694]
The effects persisted over 1 year.
“The effects persisted over 1 year.”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [694]
Similar effects were found in recent experiments using repeated and combined inoculations with hepatitis A and B antigens.
“Similar effects were found in recent experiments using repeated and combined inoculations with hepatitis A and B antigens (FIG-URE 9B, Ref. 694).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [694]
In this study, nocturnal sleep after the inoculations doubled blood counts of antigen-specific Th cells, as marker of antigenic memory.
“In this study, nocturnal sleep after the inoculations doubled blood counts of antigen-specific Th cells, as marker of antigenic memory.”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [694]
Sleep profoundly increased the proportion of T cells producing proinflammatory and Th1-cytokines like IL-2, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).
“Moreover, sleep profoundly increased the proportion of T cells producing proinflammatory and Th1-cytokines like IL-2, interferon-␥ (IFN-␥), and tumor necrosis factor-␣ (TNF-␣).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [694]
Specific sleep parameters, such as SWS intensity, were predictive of the magnitude of the antibody response.
“specific sleep parameters, such as SWS intensity, were predictive of the magnitude of the antibody response (320).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [320]
Vaccinations with hepatitis A virus and influenza A H1N1 virus in healthy participants appeared not to cause gross sleep changes in the night following vaccination, but there was no comparison of sleep data to a placebo-vaccinated control group.
“Vaccinations with hepatitis A virus (320, 325) and influenza A H1N1 (swine flu) virus (34) in healthy participants appeared to not cause any gross sleep changes in the night following the vaccination, but there was no comparison of sleep data to a placebo-vaccinated control group in these studies.”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [320]
Sleep enhances the number of antigen-specific CD4 T cells and their production of the Th1 effector cytokine IFN-γ.
“sleep also enhances the number of antigen-specific CD4 T cells, as well as their production of the Th1 effector cytokine IFN-γ (320).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [320]
A single night without sleep on the night following vaccination against hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and H1N1 reduces the antigen-specific antibody response to a similar extent.
“Further studies showed that also a single night without sleep on the night following vaccination against hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and H1N1 (swine flu) reduces the antigen-specific antibody response (which reflects immunological memory) to a similar extent (34, 320, 325).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [320]
Sleep, by favoring pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokine production, supports the interaction between APCs and T cells and the subsequent differentiation and proliferation of Th1 cells, eventually leading to the formation of IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies.
“In addition, sleep, by favoring pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokine production, further supports the interaction between APCs and T cells and the subsequent differentiation and proliferation of Th1 cells, eventually leading to the formation of IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies (24, 67, 148, 254, 320).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [320]
A shift in the Th1/Th2 balance has been observed for alcohol dependence-associated sleep changes and in response to experimental sleep deficiency, and may explain lower vaccine efficacy and increased infection risk in the context of sleep deficiency.
“Such a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance has been also observed for alcohol dependence-associated sleep changes (462) and in response to experimental sleep deficiency (24, 320), and may explain lower vaccine efficacy and increased infection risk in the context of sleep deficiency”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [320]
Circadian rhythms of neuronal, endocrine, and immune systems can regulate energy metabolism and partition fuels to daytime and nighttime consumers.
“Studies in a number of systems have demonstrated that circadian rhythms of neuronal, endocrine, and immune systems can regulate energy metabolism and partition fuels to daytime and nighttime consumers [9, 13–15].”
From Evolutionary medicine and chronic inflammatory state—known and new concepts in pathophysiology (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Lange, T., Dimitrov, S., Bollinger, T., Diekelmann, S., & Born, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck , 23538 Lübeck ,
- Corresponding author
- Lange, Tanja
- Dimitrov, Stoyan
- Diekelmann, Susanne
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-07-01
- Volume
- 187
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 283-290
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W2136267496
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- sleep, immunological memory, hepatitis A vaccination, slow-wave sleep, Th1 response, antigen-specific T cells, IgG1 antibody response, growth hormone, prolactin, cortisol, sleep hormones, adjuvants, antigen presentation, polysomnography
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Hepatitis Antibodies, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Immunization Schedule, Immunization, Secondary, Immunologic Memory, Male, Sleep, Wakefulness, Hepatitis B Vaccines, Th1 Cells, Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte, Hepatitis A Vaccines
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