Thiopurines in current medical practice: molecular mechanisms and contributions to therapy-related cancer
Abstract
Thiopurines have diverse clinical applications and their long-term use as anti-rejection drugs in transplant patients has been associated with a significantly increased risk of various types of cancer. Although they are slowly being replaced by a new generation of non-thiopurine immunosuppressants, it is anticipated that their use in the management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases will continue to increase. Therapy-related cancer will remain a potential consequence of prolonged treatment for these generally non-life-threatening conditions. Understanding how thiopurines contribute to the development of cancer will facilitate clinical decisions about the potential risks to patients of long-term treatment for chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Thiopurines including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine are widely used in cancer therapy, for treatment of inflammatory disorders, and as immunosuppressants.
“Thiopurines including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6thioguanine (6-TG) are widely used in cancer therapy, for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and as immunosuppressants (204,205).”
From Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions<sup>†</sup> (2012) · cites this paper as [205]
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- Authors
- Karran, P., & Attard, N.
- Affiliations
- Cancer Research UK (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Karran, Peter
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Cancer
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24-36
- ISSN
- 1474-175X (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1768
- OpenAlex
- W2089190709
- Cited by
- 477
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 1.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Bioactive Compounds and Antitumor Agents
- Keywords
- thiopurines, azathioprine, immunosuppressants, transplant recipients, carcinogenesis, molecular mechanisms, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, drug safety
- MeSH terms
- Antineoplastic Agents, Azathioprine, Carcinogens, Cell Survival, Humans, Neoplasms, Purines, Sulfhydryl Compounds, Thioguanine, Mercaptopurine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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