Phytochemicals as Protectors Against Ultraviolet Radiation: Versatility of Effects and Mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the most abundant carcinogens in our environment, and the development of non-melanoma skin cancers, the most common type of human malignancy worldwide, represents one of the major consequences of excessive exposure. Because of growing concerns that the level of UV radiation is increasing as a result of depletion of the stratospheric ozone and climate change, the development of strategies for protection of the skin is an urgent need. Many phytochemicals that belong to various families of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids (caffeine, sanguinarine), flavonoids [(−)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, genistein, silibinin], carotenoids ( β -carotene, lycopene), and isothiocyanates (sulforaphane), offer exciting platforms for the development of such protective strategies. These phytochemicals have been consumed by humans for many centuries as part of plant-rich diets and are presumed to be of low toxicity, an essential requirement for a chemoprotective agent. Mechanistically, they affect multiple signalling pathways and protect against UV radiation-inflicted damage by their ability to act as direct and indirect antioxidants, as well as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents. Such ”pluripotent character” is a critical prerequisite for an agent that is designed to counteract the multiple damaging effects of UV radiation. Especially attractive are inducers of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway, which controls the gene expression of proteins whose activation leads to enhanced protection against oxidants and electrophiles. Such protection is comprehensive, long-lasting, and unlikely to cause pro-oxidant effects or interfere with the synthesis of vitamin D. Abbreviations AP-1:activator protein 1 ARE:antioxidant response element COX-2:cyclooxygenase 2 EGG:epigallocatechin 3-gallate EGF:epidermal growth factor GSH:glutathione iNOS:inducible nitric oxide synthase Keap1:Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 IL:inerleukin MAPK:mitogen-activated protein kinase MMP:matrix metalloprotease NF-κB:nuclear factor-κB NQO1:NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 Nrf2:nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 ODC:ornithine decarobxylase PCNA:proliferating cell nuclear antigen ROS:reactive oxygen species TPA:12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate UV:ultraviolet
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In vivo findings on SKH-1 hairless mice reported that pretreatment with sanguinarine significantly decreased UV-B-mediated skin edema, skin hyperplasia and infiltration of leukocytes.
“Moreover, in vivo findings on SKH-1 hairless mice reported that pretreatment with sanguinarine significantly decreased the UV-B-mediated skin edema, skin hyperplasia and infiltration of leukocytes.”
From Skin protection from solar ultraviolet radiation using natural compounds: a review (2024) · cites this paper as Dinkova-Kostova 2008
The sanguinarine passage reports that topical application before UV exposure reduced edema, hyperplasia, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in SKH-1 hairless mice. The References section identifies the underlying study as concerning UVB damage. Our copy does not state that these reductions were statistically significant. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredVarious studies have found that alkaloids such as sanguinarine, piperine and caffeine act as defenders against ultraviolet radiation damage.
“Various studies have found that alkaloids such as sanguinarine, piperine and caffeine act as defenders against ultraviolet radiation damage (Dinkova-Kostova 2008;Verma et al. 2017;Gherardini et al. 2019).”
From Skin protection from solar ultraviolet radiation using natural compounds: a review (2024) · cites this paper as Dinkova-Kostova 2008
The paper’s discussion of alkaloids reports protection against UV damage by caffeine and sanguinarine in cell and mouse studies (page numbers unavailable in the indexed passages). A search for piperine found no passage addressing it, so this source does not support that example. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSanguinarine prevented UV-B-mediated elevations in ornithine decarboxylase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Kiel antigen-67.
“Further, they also observed that sanguinarine prevented UV-B-mediated elevations in ornithine decarboxylase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Kiel antigen-67, all of which are indicators of cellular proliferation (Ahsan et al. 2007;Dinkova-Kostova 2008).”
From Skin protection from solar ultraviolet radiation using natural compounds: a review (2024) · cites this paper as Dinkova-Kostova 2008
Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant both in vitro and in vivo against oxidation of proteins, lipids, and DNA, and one of the most potent scavengers of singlet oxygen free radicals among carotenoids.
“Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant both in vitro and in vivo against the oxidation of proteins, lipids, and DNA, and it has been identified as one of the most potent scavengers of singlet species of oxygen free radicals—the highest among the carotenoids [6, 7].”
From The Effect of Lycopene Preexposure on UV‐B‐Irradiated Human Keratinocytes (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Dinkova-Kostova, A.
- Venue
- Planta Medica
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2008-08-11
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1548-1559
- ISSN
- 0032-0943 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-0221
- OpenAlex
- W2028931216
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Planta Medica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- phytochemicals, ultraviolet radiation, non-melanoma skin cancer, chemoprotection, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, immunomodulation, Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, flavonoids, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, silibinin, isothiocyanates, sulforaphane, carotenoids, beta-carotene, lycopene, alkaloids, sanguinarine, caffeine, reactive oxygen species, DNA damage
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Phytotherapy, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced, Plants, Radiation-Protective Agents, Ultraviolet Rays, Anticarcinogenic Agents
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