Structural control of corneal transparency, refractive power and dynamics
Open accessAbstract
The cornea needs to be transparent to visible light and precisely curved to provide the correct refractive power. Both properties are governed by its structure. Corneal transparency arises from constructive interference of visible light due to the relatively ordered arrangement of collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma. The arrangement is controlled by the negatively charged proteoglycans surrounding the fibrils. Small changes in fibril organisation can be tolerated but larger changes cause light scattering. Corneal keratocytes do not scatter light because their refractive index matches that of the surrounding matrix. When activated, however, they become fibroblasts that have a lower refractive index. Modelling shows that this change in refractive index significantly increases light scatter. At the microscopic level, the corneal stroma has a lamellar structure, the parallel collagen fibrils within each lamella making a large angle with those of adjacent lamellae. X-ray scattering has shown that the lamellae have preferred orientations in the human cornea: inferior-superior and nasal-temporal in the central cornea and circumferential at the limbus. The directions at the centre of the cornea may help withstand the pull of the extraocular muscles whereas the pseudo-circular arrangement at the limbus supports the change in curvature between the cornea and sclera. Elastic fibres are also present; in the limbus they contain fibrillin microfibrils surrounding an elastin core, whereas at the centre of the cornea, they exist as thin bundles of fibrillin-rich microfibrils. We present a model based on the structure described above that may explain how the cornea withstands repeated pressure changes due to the ocular pulse.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The cornea’s transparency, refractive power, and dynamic response to intraocular pressure are governed by hierarchical collagen/proteoglycan, lamellar, and elastic-fibre structures. The authors synthesize structural imaging and modelling into models of forward light interference, lamellar reinforcement, and a limbal “trampoline effect” that may restore corneal shape during the ocular pulse.
Key findings
- Corneal transparency depends on short-range order among ~30 nm collagen fibrils, maintained by negatively charged proteoglycans; constructive interference occurs forward and destructive interference elsewhere, while sufficient disorder or voids exceeding half the wavelength of light cause significant scatter.
- Keratocytes have a refractive index of 1.381 ± 0.004, closely matching the stroma, but activated fibroblasts drop to 1.365 ± 0.003; Mie-scatter modelling predicts little transparency loss with keratocytes but significant loss with fibroblasts, explaining haze after photorefractive keratectomy.
- X-ray scattering shows preferred lamellar orientations in the human cornea: inferior–superior and nasal–temporal centrally, and a circumferential annulus at the limbus; anterior lamellae are highly interwoven, supporting curvature.
- Elastic fibres form limbal sheets/true elastic fibres and central fibrillin-rich microfibril bundles; the proposed “trampoline effect” uses limbal elastic sheets as springs to restore corneal position during the ocular pulse, which has an amplitude of about 2 mmHg.
Methods
- Narrative review integrating structural and biophysical evidence from electron microscopy, X-ray scattering, quantitative phase imaging, serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF SEM), and modelling.
- Data include human corneal structure, bovine eye inflation experiments, and cited studies; SBF SEM was used to detect elastic fibres and precursors, and quantitative phase imaging measured cell refractive indices.
- Main analysis synthesizes these data into structural models of corneal transparency, refractive power, and intraocular-pressure dynamics.
Limitations
- The authors state they could not follow individual elastic fibres over long distances and therefore assumed they traverse the whole cornea from limbus to limbus; they noted no obvious fibre ends or anchoring points.
- The authors state the underlying structural cause of collagen crimp is not fully understood, and that repetitive stretching over a lifetime would probably condition the tissue and remove the crimp; fibrillin microfibril properties are complex and not intrinsically elastic.
- Evident from the text: many mechanisms are proposed or modelled (“may explain,” “we propose”) and rely on cited ex vivo, animal, or modelling evidence rather than direct causal demonstration in humans.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
25 of 41 cited sources checked · 13 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
The refractive index of the keratocyte cytoplasm drops to 1.365 ± 0.003 when they are activated to become fibroblasts.
“we also measured how the refractive index of the cells changes when they are activated to become fibroblasts, such as during wound healing, discovering that the refractive index of the cytoplasm dropped to 1.365 ± 0.003.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Gardner SJ, White N, Albon J, Knupp C, Kamma-Lorger CS, Meek KM. Measuring the refractive index of bovine corneal stromal cells using quantitative phase imaging. Biophys J. 2015;109:1592–9. source
- Findingcitation
At the centre of the cornea, elastic fibres exist as thin bundles of fibrillin-rich microfibrils.
“whereas at the centre of the cornea, they exist as thin bundles of fibrillin-rich microfibrils.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [29] Lewis PN, White TL, Young RD, Bell JS, Winlove CP, Meek KM. Three-dimensional arrangement of elastic fibers in the human corneal stroma. Exp Eye Res. 2016;146:43–53. source
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes thin elastic fibers extending into the central human cornea and says they likely contain fibrillin microfibrils. It does not establish that the central fibers are fibrillin-rich: their exact composition was unclear, and fibrillin-1 labelling was unsuccessful. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [30] Lewis PN, Young RD, Souza RB, Quantock AJ, Meek KM. Contrast-enhanced tissue processing of fibrillin-rich elastic fibres for 3D visualization by volume scanning electron microscopy. Methods Protoc. 2021;4:56. source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says microfibrils occur in the cornea, and Expected Results (page unavailable) describes elastic fibres in the human corneal stroma. Neither passage establishes that fibres specifically at the centre of the cornea form thin bundles of fibrillin-rich microfibrils. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
Modelling shows that the change in refractive index when keratocytes become fibroblasts significantly increases light scatter.
“Modelling shows that this change in refractive index significantly increases light scatter.”
- Also stated in: § Corneal nanostructure and transparency · plain
“It can be seen that, as the proportion of keratocytes increases, there is very little loss of transparency, but the opposite is true for fibroblasts [9].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Gardner SJ, White N, Albon J, Knupp C, Kamma-Lorger CS, Meek KM. Measuring the refractive index of bovine corneal stromal cells using quantitative phase imaging. Biophys J. 2015;109:1592–9. source
- Also stated in: § Corneal nanostructure and transparency · plain
- Interpretationown data
Haze following laser refractive ablation results from the presence of fibroblasts in the ablated region.
“Our cell refractive index measurements show that such haze (Fig. 3B) results from the presence of fibroblasts in the ablated region.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Gardner SJ, White N, Albon J, Knupp C, Kamma-Lorger CS, Meek KM. Measuring the refractive index of bovine corneal stromal cells using quantitative phase imaging. Biophys J. 2015;109:1592–9. source
The Conclusions say that activation to fibroblasts increases scattering and that their proliferation during wound healing could explain haze after some refractive procedures. The Introduction also describes fibroblasts migrating to the wound site. The source presents fibroblasts as a likely contributor, not an established cause of haze specifically in a laser-ablated region. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
The refractive index of keratocytes is 1.381 ± 0.004.
“we used a technique called quantitative phase imaging to measure the refractive index of the keratocytes and showed that they have a refractive index of 1.381 ± 0.004 [9].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Gardner SJ, White N, Albon J, Knupp C, Kamma-Lorger CS, Meek KM. Measuring the refractive index of bovine corneal stromal cells using quantitative phase imaging. Biophys J. 2015;109:1592–9. source
- Interpretationreasoning
The pseudo-circular arrangement at the limbus supports the change in curvature between the cornea and sclera.
“whereas the pseudo-circular arrangement at the limbus supports the change in curvature between the cornea and sclera.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Boote C, Hayes S, Young R, Kamma-Lorger C, Hocking P, Elsheikh A, et al. Ultrastructural changes in the retinopathy, globe enlarged (rge) chick cornea. J Struct Biol. 2009;166:195–204. source
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes an annular fibril structure at the limbus as mechanically important and proposes that its circumferential fibrils reinforce the region where differing corneal and scleral curvatures create tension. But the paper presents the fibrils’ role in maintaining curvature as a possible explanation, not an established fact; it also considers the reverse explanation, in which a change in shape reduces the need for reinforcement. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationnone given
The preferred orientations at the centre of the cornea may help withstand the pull of the extraocular muscles.
“The directions at the centre of the cornea may help withstand the pull of the extraocular muscles”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [17] Boote C, Dennis S, Huang Y, Quantock AJ, Meek KM. Lamellar orientation in human cornea in relation to mechanical properties. J Struct Biol. 2005;149:1–6. source
- cites [18] Daxer A, Fratzl P. Collagen fibril orientation in the human corneal stroma and its implication in keratoconus. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:121–9.
- cites [19] Meek KM. Corneal collagen -its role in maintaining corneal shape and transparency. Biophys Rev. 2009;1:83–93. source
- Findingown data
Activated keratocytes (fibroblasts) have a lower refractive index than keratocytes.
“When activated, however, they become fibroblasts that have a lower refractive index.”
- Also stated in: § Corneal nanostructure and transparency · plain
“the refractive index of the cytoplasm dropped to 1.365 ± 0.003”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Gardner SJ, White N, Albon J, Knupp C, Kamma-Lorger CS, Meek KM. Measuring the refractive index of bovine corneal stromal cells using quantitative phase imaging. Biophys J. 2015;109:1592–9. source
- Also stated in: § Corneal nanostructure and transparency · plain
- Premisecitation
Corneal transparency arises from constructive interference of visible light due to the relatively ordered arrangement of collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma.
“Corneal transparency arises from constructive interference of visible light due to the relatively ordered arrangement of collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Meek KM, Knupp C. Corneal structure and transparency. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2015;49:1–16. source
The ‘Fibril organisation and transparency’ section says short-range order in stromal collagen fibrils is essential to transparency. It explains the mechanism chiefly as destructive interference that cancels scattered radiation outside the forward direction, allowing light to pass through. The claim captures the role of fibril order and interference but describes the mechanism as constructive interference alone. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
X-ray scattering has shown that collagen lamellae in the human cornea have preferred orientations: inferior-superior and nasal-temporal in the central cornea and circumferential at the limbus.
“X-ray scattering has shown that the lamellae have preferred orientations in the human cornea: inferior-superior and nasal-temporal in the central cornea and circumferential at the limbus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [12] Pijanka J, Abass A, Sorensen T, Elsheikh A, Boote C. A wide-angle X-ray fibre diffraction method for quantifying collagen orientation across large tissue areas: application to the human eyeball coat. J Appl Crystallogr. 2013;46:1481–9. source
- cites [13] Aghamohammadzadeh H, Newton RH, Meek KM. X-ray scattering used to map the preferred collagen orientation in the human cornea and limbus. Structure. 2004;12:249–56. source
- Findingcitation
SBF SEM observations revealed a region densely populated with elastic fibres arranged in a reticulated sheet pattern concentrated at the back of the human corneal stroma above the elastin-rich trabecular meshwork.
“Our SBF SEM observations revealed that, concentrated at the back of the human corneal stroma above the elastin-rich trabecular meshwork, is a region densely populated with elastic fibres (Fig. 9A) arranged in a reticulated sheet pattern [29].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Lewis PN, White TL, Young RD, Bell JS, Winlove CP, Meek KM. Three-dimensional arrangement of elastic fibers in the human corneal stroma. Exp Eye Res. 2016;146:43–53. source
- Premisecitation
Corneal lamellae, including those in the limbus, have a natural waviness called crimp.
“As in most collagenous tissues, corneal lamellae, including those in the limbus, are known to have a natural waviness called crimp [27] (Fig. 7C)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Jan NJ, Brazile BL, Hu D, Grube G, Wallace J, Gogola A, et al. Crimp around the globe; patterns of collagen crimp across the corneoscleral shell. Exp Eye Res. 2018;172:159–70. source
- Premisecitation
In vivo, blood flow through the choroid leads to a fluctuation of IOP known as the ocular pulse with an amplitude of about 2 mmHg.
“In vivo, the blood flow through the choroid leads to a fluctuation of the IOP known as the ocular pulse that has an amplitude of about 2 mmHg [22, 23].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [22] Kaufmann C, Bachmann LM, Robert YC, Thiel MA. Ocular pulse amplitude in healthy subjects as measured by dynamic contour tonometry. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:1104–8. source
- cites [23] Kwok S, Clayson K, Hazen N, Pan X, Ma Y, Hendershot AJ, et al. Heartbeat-induced corneal axial displacement and strain measured by high frequency ultrasound elastography in human volunteers. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2020;9:33. source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says pulsatile ocular blood flow produces an ocular pulse—a fluctuation in IOP—supporting the main mechanism. It gives the average amplitude in humans as about 3 mm Hg, not 2 mm Hg, and does not specifically identify blood flow through the choroid. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The limbal annulus is required to maintain the change in curvature between the cornea and adjacent sclera.
“which is required to maintain the change in curvature between the cornea and adjacent sclera [16].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Boote C, Hayes S, Young R, Kamma-Lorger C, Hocking P, Elsheikh A, et al. Ultrastructural changes in the retinopathy, globe enlarged (rge) chick cornea. J Struct Biol. 2009;166:195–204. source
The Discussion describes the limbal annular fibrils as mechanically important and proposes that their loss might contribute to corneal flattening. But it also offers the reverse explanation—that reduced curvature difference might lead to fewer fibrils—so it does not establish that the annulus is required to maintain that difference. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Throughout the optical zone, there is a preference for lamellae to run in the inferior-superior and temporal-nasal directions.
“Throughout the optical zone, there is a preference for lamellae to run in the inferior-superior and temporal-nasal directions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [12] Pijanka J, Abass A, Sorensen T, Elsheikh A, Boote C. A wide-angle X-ray fibre diffraction method for quantifying collagen orientation across large tissue areas: application to the human eyeball coat. J Appl Crystallogr. 2013;46:1481–9. source
- cites [13] Aghamohammadzadeh H, Newton RH, Meek KM. X-ray scattering used to map the preferred collagen orientation in the human cornea and limbus. Structure. 2004;12:249–56. source
- Premisecitation
Many of these preferred lamellae continue into the sclera and are believed to help the cornea withstand the pull of the extraocular muscles.
“Many of these appear to continue into the sclera and are believed to help the cornea to withstand the pull of the extraocular muscles [17–19] (Fig. 5 inset).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [17] Boote C, Dennis S, Huang Y, Quantock AJ, Meek KM. Lamellar orientation in human cornea in relation to mechanical properties. J Struct Biol. 2005;149:1–6. source
- cites [18] Daxer A, Fratzl P. Collagen fibril orientation in the human corneal stroma and its implication in keratoconus. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:121–9.
- cites [19] Meek KM. Corneal collagen -its role in maintaining corneal shape and transparency. Biophys Rev. 2009;1:83–93. source
The Corneal Lamellae section says vertical and horizontal lamellae may have evolved to withstand forces from the extraocular muscles, supporting the proposed function as a possibility. It describes the cornea integrating with the sclera at the limbus, but does not say that many of those lamellae continue into the sclera. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
Crimp could provide a mechanism to allow a lamella to elongate without injury.
“and this could provide a mechanism to allow a lamella to elongate without injury [28].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] Gogola A, Jan NJ, Brazile B, Lam P, Lathrop KL, Chan KC, et al. Spatial Patterns and age-related changes of the collagen crimp in the human cornea and sclera. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59:2987–98. source
The Discussion says that reduced collagen crimp may contribute to lengthening of the eye, though the calculated effect is small. The Methods describe crimp in collagen bundles and lamellae, but the paper does not say that crimp allows a lamella to elongate without injury. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The central keratoconus cornea has very few elastic fibres or fibrillin microfibrils.
“It is worth noting that the central keratoconus cornea has very few elastic fibres or fibrillin microfibrils [36].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] White TL, Lewis PN, Young RD, Kitazawa K, Inatomi T, Kinoshita S, et al. Elastic microfibril distribution in the cornea: differences between normal and keratoconic stroma. Exp Eye Res. 2017;159:40–8. source
- Findingown data
In the peripheral cornea, elastic fibres emanating from the sheets bifurcate or trifurcate into narrower fibres concentrated in the region corresponding to the pre-Descemet's layer.
“In the peripheral cornea, emanating from these sheets, we found elastic fibres that bifurcated or trifurcated into narrower fibres (Fig. 9B) concentrated in the region corresponding to the pre-Descemet’s layer reported by Dua et al. [33].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] Dua HS, Faraj LA, Said DG, Gray T, Lowe J. Human corneal anatomy redefined: a novel pre-Descemet’s layer (Dua’s layer). Ophthalmology. 2013;120:1778–85. source
- Premisenone given
The arrangement of collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma is controlled by negatively charged proteoglycans surrounding the fibrils.
“The arrangement is controlled by the negatively charged proteoglycans surrounding the fibrils.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Corneal keratocytes do not scatter light because their refractive index matches that of the surrounding matrix.
“Corneal keratocytes do not scatter light because their refractive index matches that of the surrounding matrix.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [7] Jester JV. Corneal crystallins and the development of cellular transparency. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2008;19:82–93. source
- cites [8] Jester JV, Moller-Pedersen T, Huang J, Sax CM, Kays WT, Cavangh HD, et al. The cellular basis of corneal transparency: evidence for ‘corneal crystallins’. J Cell Sci. 1999;112:613–22. source
- Interpretationown data
The proposed model shows that when IOP increases, the central cornea moves forward whilst retaining its shape.
“The model shows that, when the IOP increases, the central cornea moves forward whilst retaining its shape (Fig. 7B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
X-ray scattering shows a distinct annulus of collagen at the limbus located in the deeper limbal stroma.
“The map shows a distinct annulus of collagen at the limbus [14] located in the deeper limbal stroma [15]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] Newton RH, Meek KM. Circumcorneal annulus of collagen fibrils in the human limbus. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:1125–34.
- cites [15] Kamma-Lorger CS, Boote C, Hayes S, Moger J, Burghammer M, Knupp C, et al. Collagen and mature elastic fibre organisation as a function of depth in the human cornea and limbus. J Struct Biol. 2010;169:424–30. source
- Premisenone given
In the posterior two-thirds of the stroma, lamellae lie one above the other, seemingly running from limbus to limbus.
“In the posterior two-thirds of the stroma, the lamellae lie one above the other, seemingly running from limbus to limbus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
In the proposed model, the limbal annulus pushes forward, stretching interconnecting lamellae.
“The limbal annulus pushes forward, stretching any lamellae that criss-cross and hold the structure together.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The cornea is a dynamic structure at all hierarchical levels.
“In conclusion, the cornea is a dynamic structure at all hierarchical levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The true elastic fibre sheets in the limbal region act like the springs of a trampoline, storing potential energy as the cornea is pushed forward by increased IOP and releasing it when IOP reduces.
“The ‘true’ elastic fibre sheets in the limbal region act like the springs of a trampoline, storing the potential energy as the cornea is pushed forward by the increased IOP, and releasing it when the IOP reduces.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The elastic fibres traverse the whole cornea from limbus to limbus.
- Rests on an assumption: Repetitive stretching of corneal lamellae during a lifetime would condition the tissue and remove the crimp.
- Premisenone given
The corneal stroma has a lamellar microstructure in which fibrils are arranged within lamellae.
“This strength is provided by the microstructure of the stroma, whereby fibrils are arranged within lamellae.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The connecting fibrillin microfibrils in the central cornea are less extensible.
“The connecting fibrillin microfibrils in the central cornea are less extensible”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] Sherratt MJ, Baldock C, Haston JL, Holmes DF, Jones CJ, Shuttleworth CA, et al. Fibrillin microfibrils are stiff reinforcing fibres in compliant tissues. J Mol Biol. 2003;332:183–93. source
- Interpretationreasoning
The arrangement of elastic fibres suggests a possible mechanism that provides the restoring force at the limbus required to sustain the repetitive effects of the ocular pulse.
“Such an arrangement of elastic fibres suggests a possible mechanism that provides the restoring force at the limbus required to sustain the repetitive effects of the ocular pulse (Fig. 11).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The elastic fibres traverse the whole cornea from limbus to limbus.
- Rests on an assumption: Repetitive stretching of corneal lamellae during a lifetime would condition the tissue and remove the crimp.
- Interpretationreasoning
The less extensible connecting fibrillin microfibrils in the central cornea, combined with interweaving of central anterior lamellae, limit distortion of the central cornea.
“The connecting fibrillin microfibrils in the central cornea are less extensible and this, combined with the interweaving of the central anterior lamellae described above, limits distortion of the central cornea.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The elastic fibres traverse the whole cornea from limbus to limbus.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5
- May combine two claims. 9
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationElastic fibres in the limbus contain fibrillin microfibrils surrounding an elastin core.
“in the limbus they contain fibrillin microfibrils surrounding an elastin core”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [29] Lewis PN, White TL, Young RD, Bell JS, Winlove CP, Meek KM. Three-dimensional arrangement of elastic fibers in the human corneal stroma. Exp Eye Res. 2016;146:43–53. source
The Results identify elastic fibers in the posterior limbus, and the Introduction describes true elastic fibers as having a sheath around an elastin-rich core. But the Discussion says fibrillin microfibrils in the studied fibers are only likely and that their exact molecular composition is unclear. It does not establish that limbal fibers specifically have fibrillin microfibrils surrounding an elastin core; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [30] Lewis PN, Young RD, Souza RB, Quantock AJ, Meek KM. Contrast-enhanced tissue processing of fibrillin-rich elastic fibres for 3D visualization by volume scanning electron microscopy. Methods Protoc. 2021;4:56. source
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes elastic fibres generally as fibrillin-rich microfibrils surrounding an elastin core. Expected Results (page unavailable) identifies fibrillin-containing elastic sheets in the human corneal limbus, but does not establish that those limbal structures have an elastin core. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationIn modelled Mie scatter, increasing the proportion of keratocytes causes very little loss of transparency, whereas increasing the proportion of fibroblasts causes significant loss of transparency.
“It can be seen that, as the proportion of keratocytes increases, there is very little loss of transparency, but the opposite is true for fibroblasts [9].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Gardner SJ, White N, Albon J, Knupp C, Kamma-Lorger CS, Meek KM. Measuring the refractive index of bovine corneal stromal cells using quantitative phase imaging. Biophys J. 2015;109:1592–9. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationFibrillin microfibrils have been suggested to play a role in maintaining corneal shape.
“It has been suggested that these microfibrils play a role in maintaining corneal shape [34, 35].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [34] Chakravarti S. Fibrillin microfibrils keep the cornea in shape. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:2117. source
- cites [35] White TL, Lewis P, Hayes S, Fergusson J, Bell J, Farinha L, et al. The structural role of elastic fibers in the cornea investigated using a mouse model for Marfan syndrome. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:2106–16. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationElastic fibres consist of an outer shell of fibrillin-rich microfibrils with or without an elastin central core.
“Such fibres consist of an outer shell of fibrillin-rich microfibrils with or without an elastin central core (Fig. 8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Lewis PN, White TL, Young RD, Bell JS, Winlove CP, Meek KM. Three-dimensional arrangement of elastic fibers in the human corneal stroma. Exp Eye Res. 2016;146:43–53. source
The Introduction (page not provided) describes ocular elastic fibers without elastin and others with a glycoprotein sheath surrounding an elastin-rich core. It also identifies fibrillin as a component of elastic microfibrils, but does not establish that the outer sheath is fibrillin-rich. The Discussion says the precise molecular composition of the human corneal fibers remains unclear. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningSmall changes in collagen fibril organisation can be tolerated but larger changes cause light scattering.
“Small changes in fibril organisation can be tolerated but larger changes cause light scattering.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThe corneal stroma has a lamellar structure, with parallel collagen fibrils within each lamella making a large angle with those of adjacent lamellae.
“At the microscopic level, the corneal stroma has a lamellar structure, the parallel collagen fibrils within each lamella making a large angle with those of adjacent lamellae.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe presented model based on proposed collagen and elastic fibre arrangements may explain how corneal anterior displacement due to the ocular pulse occurs and how the tissue survives continuous IOP changes during a lifetime.
“We presented a model based on the proposed collagen and elastic fibre arrangements that may explain at the microscopic level how the corneal anterior displacement due to the ocular pulse occurs and how the tissue survives the continuous IOP changes during a lifetime.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The elastic fibres traverse the whole cornea from limbus to limbus.
- Rests on an assumption: Repetitive stretching of corneal lamellae during a lifetime would condition the tissue and remove the crimp.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhen pressure within the bovine eye is increased, the apex of the cornea moves forward the same amount as the mid periphery, so the central cornea is displaced forward as a whole maintaining its shape, with stretching in the peripheral cornea and limbus.
“Boyce et al. [24] showed that, when pressure within the bovine eye is increased, the apex of the cornea moves forward the same amount as the mid periphery; in other words, the central cornea is displaced forward as a whole thereby maintaining its shape, and the stretching takes place in the peripheral cornea and limbus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Boyce BL, Grazier JM, Jones RE, Nguyen TD. Full-field deformation of bovine cornea under constrained inflation conditions. Biomaterials. 2008;29:3896–904. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenVibrational motion of fibrils at the nanoscopic level is controlled by the negative charges on the surrounding glycosaminoglycans, which maintain sufficient collagen fibril order to allow destructive interference of light in all directions other than forwards.
“Vibrational motion of fibrils at the nanoscopic level is controlled by the negative charges on the surrounding glycosaminoglycans which maintain sufficient collagen fibril order to allow destructive interference of light in all directions other than forwards.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenThe restoring force in connective tissues that repetitively stretch and return to their original form, such as skin or heart valve, is provided by elastic fibres.
“The restoring force in those connective tissues that are required to repetitively stretch and return to their original form, such as skin or heart valve, is provided by elastic fibres.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationFibrillin microfibrils can extend but are not intrinsically elastic, and their Young's modulus is two orders of magnitude higher than that of elastin.
“However, although they can extend, they are not intrinsically elastic and their Young’s modulus is two orders of magnitude higher than that of elastin [38].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] Sherratt MJ, Baldock C, Haston JL, Holmes DF, Jones CJ, Shuttleworth CA, et al. Fibrillin microfibrils are stiff reinforcing fibres in compliant tissues. J Mol Biol. 2003;332:183–93. source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe lamellar structure acts like plywood, resisting fracture propagation, but bends and returns to its original position.
“In addition, the lamellar structure acts rather like plywood, which resists fracture propagation, but bends and returns to its original position [11] (Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Whitford C, Studer H, Boote C, Meek KM, Elsheikh A. Biomechanical model of the human cornea: considering shear stiffness and regional variation of collagen anisotropy and density. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2015;42:76–87. source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe curvature of the anterior cornea is crucial for correct refractive power and is maintained by lamella interweaving.
“The curvature of the anterior cornea is crucial for it to provide the correct refractive power, and this is maintained by lamella interweaving.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
The elastic fibres traverse the whole cornea from limbus to limbus.
“we have not been able to follow individual fibres over long distances and have therefore assumed that they traverse the whole cornea from limbus to limbus.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The narrow fibres at the centre of the cornea that lack an elastin core are bundles of fibrillin microfibrils.
“the majority of which had no elastin core so are assumed to be bundles of fibrillin microfibrils.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Repetitive stretching of corneal lamellae during a lifetime would condition the tissue and remove the crimp.
“the probability is that repetitive stretching during a lifetime would condition the tissue and remove the crimp.”
Cites
Corneal structure and transparency
Meek, K. M., & Knupp, C. (2015) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.001 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
Self-citationAnatomy of cornea and ocular surface
Sridhar, M. (2018) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_646_17 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
The cellular basis of corneal transparency: evidence for 'corneal crystallins'
Jester, J. V., Moller-Pedersen, T., Huang, J., Sax, C. M., Kays, W. T., Cavangh, H. D., Petroll, W. M., & Piatigorsky, J. (1999) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.112.5.613 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Human Corneal Anatomy Redefined
Dua, H. S., Faraj, L. A., Said, D. G., Gray, T., & Lowe, J. (2013) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.01.018 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
The shape of the anterior and posterior surface of the aging human cornea
Dubbelman, M., Sicam, V. A. D. P., & van der Heijde, G. L. (2005) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.09.021 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
(1997) · PubMed · Cited by 326 · see citing works
X-Ray Scattering Used to Map the Preferred Collagen Orientation in the Human Cornea and Limbus
Aghamohammadzadeh, H., Newton, R. H., & Meek, K. M. (2004) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.01.002 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationNonlinear Optical Macroscopic Assessment of 3-D Corneal Collagen Organization and Axial Biomechanics
Winkler, M., Chai, D., Kriling, S., Nien, C. J., Brown, D. J., Jester, B. E., Juhász, T., & Jester, J. V. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8070 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Full-field deformation of bovine cornea under constrained inflation conditions
Boyce, B. L., Grazier, J. M., Jones, R. E., & Nguyen, T. D. (2008) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.06.011 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Corneal crystallins and the development of cellular transparency
Jester, J. V. (2008) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.09.015 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Corneal collagen—its role in maintaining corneal shape and transparency
Meek, K. M. (2009) · Biophysical Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12551-009-0011-x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationLamellar orientation in human cornea in relation to mechanical properties
Boote, C., Dennis, S., Huang, Y., Quantock, A. J., & Meek, K. M. (2005) · Journal of Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2004.08.009 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationThomson, J., Singh, M., Eckersley, A., Cain, S. A., Sherratt, M. J., & Baldock, C. (2019) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.016 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Ultrastructure of the corneal stroma: a comparative study
Meek, K. M., & Leonard, D. W. (1993) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81364-x · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationOcular Pulse Amplitude in Healthy Subjects as Measured by Dynamic Contour Tonometry
Kaufmann, C. (2006) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.124.8.1104 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Interlacing and cross-angle distribution of collagen lamellae in the human cornea
Radner, W., Zehetmayer, M., Aufreiter, R., & Mallinger, R. (1998) · Cornea · doi:10.1097/00003226-199809000-00012 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Fibrillin Microfibrils are Stiff Reinforcing Fibres in Compliant Tissues
Sherratt, M. J., Baldock, C., Louise Haston, J., Holmes, D. F., Jones, C. J. P., Adrian Shuttleworth, C., Wess, T. J., & Kielty, C. M. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00829-5 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationThe refractive index of the human cornea: A review
Patel, S., & Tutchenko, L. (2019) · Contact Lens and Anterior Eye · doi:10.1016/j.clae.2019.04.018 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Whitford, C., Studer, H., Boote, C., Meek, K. M., & Elsheikh, A. (2015) · Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.11.006 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationThree-dimensional arrangement of elastic fibers in the human corneal stroma
Lewis, P. N., White, T. L., Young, R. D., Bell, J. S., Winlove, C. P., & Meek, K. M. (2016) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2015.12.006 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationTransverse depth-dependent changes in corneal collagen lamellar orientation and distribution
Abass, A., Hayes, S., White, N., Sorensen, T., & Meek, K. M. (2015) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.0717 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationElastic microfibril distribution in the cornea: Differences between normal and keratoconic stroma
White, T. L., Lewis, P. N., Young, R. D., Kitazawa, K., Inatomi, T., Kinoshita, S., & Meek, K. M. (2017) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2017.03.002 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationElastic and precursor fibres in the normal human eye
Alexander, R. A., & Garner, A. (1983) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/0014-4835(83)90015-5 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Collagen and mature elastic fibre organisation as a function of depth in the human cornea and limbus
Kamma-Lorger, C. S., Boote, C., Hayes, S., Moger, J., Burghammer, M., Knupp, C., Quantock, A. J., Sorensen, T., Di Cola, E., & White, N. (2010) · Journal of Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2009.11.004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial Patterns and Age-Related Changes of the Collagen Crimp in the Human Cornea and Sclera
Gogola, A., Jan, N.-J., Brazile, B., Lam, P., Lathrop, K. L., Chan, K. C., & Sigal, I. A. (2018) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.17-23474 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Crimp around the globe; patterns of collagen crimp across the corneoscleral shell
Jan, N.-J., Brazile, B. L., Hu, D., Grube, G., Wallace, J., Gogola, A., & Sigal, I. A. (2018) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2018.04.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Pijanka, J. K., Abass, A., Sorensen, T., Elsheikh, A., & Boote, C. (2013) · Journal of Applied Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0021889813022358 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ultrastructural changes in the retinopathy, globe enlarged (rge) chick cornea
Boote, C., Hayes, S., Young, R. D., Kamma-Lorger, C. S., Hocking, P. M., Elsheikh, A., Inglehearn, C. F., Ali, M., & Meek, K. M. (2009) · Journal of Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2009.01.009 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationConnon, C. J., Marshall, J., Patmore, A. L., Brahma, & Meek, K. M. (2003) · Journal of Refractive Surgery · doi:10.3928/1081-597x-20030501-09 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationHanlon, S., Behzad, A. R., Sakai, L. Y., & Burns, A. R. (2015) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2015.01.014 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
White, T. L., Lewis, P., Hayes, S., Fergusson, J., Bell, J., Farinha, L., White, N. S., Pereira, L. V., & Meek, K. M. (2017) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.16-21358 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationIn vivo study of corneal responses to increased intraocular pressure loading
Elsheikh, A., McMonnies, C. W., Whitford, C., & Boneham, G. C. (2015) · Eye and Vision · doi:10.1186/s40662-015-0029-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Doughty, M. J., & Jonuscheit, S. (2018) · Contact Lens and Anterior Eye · doi:10.1016/j.clae.2018.11.014 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wilson, A., Jones, J. D., Tyrer, J. R., & Marshall, J. (2020) · Eye and Vision · doi:10.1186/s40662-020-00207-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kwok, S., Clayson, K., Hazen, N., Pan, X., Ma, Y., Hendershot, A. J., & Liu, J. (2020) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.9.13.33 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Measuring the Refractive Index of Bovine Corneal Stromal Cells Using Quantitative Phase Imaging
Gardner, S. J., White, N., Albon, J., Knupp, C., Kamma-Lorger, C. S., & Meek, K. M. (2015) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2015.08.046 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationLewis, P. N., Young, R. D., Souza, R. B., Quantock, A. J., & Meek, K. M. (2021) · Methods and Protocols · doi:10.3390/mps4030056 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationFibrillin Microfibrils Keep the Cornea in Shape
Chakravarti, S. (2017) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.17-21840 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Giri, B. R., Jakka, D., Sandoval, M. A., Kulkarni, V. R., & Bao, Q. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16101325 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Huo, Q., Zhang, R.-Z., Jia, W., Wang, Y., Shen, X., Chen, X., Chen, T.-H., Liu, Y., Song, L., Wang, X., et al. (2025) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.66.3.23 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Coco, G., Messmer, E. S. B. M., Starr, C. E., Gomes, J. Á. P., Lazreg, S., Budimlija, N., Nucci, C., & Giannaccare, G. (2025) · Ophthalmology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40123-025-01251-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Marin-Tapia, H. A., Romero-Salazar, L., Mayorga‐Rojas, M., & Arteaga‐Arcos, J. C. (2025) · Macromolecular Bioscience · doi:10.1002/mabi.202500276 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ortiz‐Arrabal, O., Blanco‐Elices, C., González-Gallardo, C., Sánchez‐Porras, D., Etayo‐Escanilla, M., Ávila‐Fernández, P., Chato‐Astrain, J., García‐García, Ó. D., Garzón, I. J., & Alaminos, M. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03759-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ashworth, S., Dhanuka, M., Khodadadi‐Jamayran, A., Koduri, M. A., Maiti, G., & Chakravarti, S. (2024) · The Ocular Surface · doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2024.11.007 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Role of sulfated GAGs in shear mechanical properties of human and porcine cornea
Hatami-Marbini, H., & Emu, M. E. (2024) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2024.110181 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Meshko, B., Volatier, T. L. A., Mann, J., Kluth, M. A., Ganss, C., Frank, M. H., Frank, N. Y., Ksander, B. R., Cursiefen, C., & Notara, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25179702 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Genetic variants in PIKFYVE: A review of ocular phenotypes
Misaghi, E., Kannus, P., MacDonald, I. M., & Benson, M. D. (2024) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2024.110211 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
3D Printing Strategies for Bioengineering Human Cornea
Yuan, Y., Lim, K. S., Sutton, G. L., Wallace, G. G., & You, J. (2025) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202502767 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Szarek, P., & Ruberti, J. W. (2026) · Sub-cellular biochemistry/Subcellular biochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05273-5_10 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Redaelli, E., Calvo, B., Matas, J. F. R., Luraghi, G., & Grasa, J. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.109792 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kazaili, A., Zhuola, Sadek, N. A., Al-Hindy, H. A.-A. M., Geraghty, B., Kharaz, Y. A., Comerford, E. J., Yates, E. A., Liu, L., & Akhtar, R. (2025) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107169 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Akbaripour, V., Rezaei, L., Rostaminasab, G., Daneshgar, F., Bahiraee, O., & Rezakhani, L. (2025) · Regenerative Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.reth.2025.101044 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Smad4 deficiency ameliorates the progressive corneal stroma thinning caused by the loss of Tbr1
Yuan, Y., Yasuda, S., Funk, K. L., Kao, W. W. ‐., Saika, S., Kaufman, A. H., & Liu, C. (2025) · The Ocular Surface · doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2025.01.013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yang, X., Ren, Q., Kong, X., Su, P., Liu, C., Liu, Q., & Wan, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1694568 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Meshko, B., Volatier, T. L. A., Cursiefen, C., & Notara, M. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15010091 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
In Vivo Biomechanical Characteristics of Human Corneas With Phase-Decorrelation OCT
Blackburn, B. J., Hammoud, B., Asroui, L., Tarib, I., Susanna, B. N., Jenkins, M. W., Randleman, J. B., Dupps, W. J., & Rollins, A. M. (2026) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.67.1.25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A New Bioprinted Dual-Layered Corneal Structure Using Collagen-Based Bioinks
Huang, H., Yuan, Y., Fang, Y., Hodge, C., Pestglou, C., Wallace, G. G., Sutton, G. L., & You, J. (2026) · Tissue Engineering Part A · doi:10.1177/19373341261424272 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Curcă, P. F., Macovei, L., Mușat, O., Zemba, M., Dinu, V., Gherghiceanu, M., Tataru, C. I., & Tătaru, C. P. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16060890 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mohamed, A. K., Mahmoud, S. S., Elshibly, S. M., & Kamal, G. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-43580-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The molecular architecture of mammalian vitreous body collagen fibrils
Lou, X., Cong, Y., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Li, Y., & Yan, C. (2026) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aec2906 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mehta, P., Moore, E. D., Dash, A. K., & Shukla, S. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15171534 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Normative corneal biometric parameters in African populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ezinne, N. E., Kyei, S., Obinwanne, C. J., Rasengane, T. A., Mashige, K. P., Agho, K., Asiamah, R., Ekpenyong, B. N., Ocansey, S., Ndep, A. O., et al. (2025) · Contact Lens and Anterior Eye · doi:10.1016/j.clae.2025.102412 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mohan, S. K., & Lauderdale, J. D. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13820-1.00164-x
Li, S., Liu, Y., Yang, B., Lv, S., Zou, X., Tang, L., Zhou, L., Jiang, Z., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.14.4.15
Limbus Compensation for corneal deformation Under Intraocular Pressure FluctuationsPreprint
Dai, Y., Peng, Q., Pan, J., Wang, L., Liu, X., & Wang, R. C. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7057735/v1
Efficacy of Peek Acuity versus ETDRS Chart for Assessment of Visual Acuity and Refractive Error
Khan, Z., Awan, M. A., Khan, M. A. S., Naseem, S., Sajid, A., & Mehronisa (2025) · The Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.55735/4kz37x15
Domene-Hickman, J. L., Haro-Morlett, L., Vera-Duarte, G. R., Irusteta‐Jiménez, L., Navas, A., Graue-Hernández, E. O., & Ramírez-Miranda, A. (2025) · Cornea · doi:10.1097/ico.0000000000003981
Asfuroğlu, M., Asfuroğlu, Y., & Fikret, C. Z. (2025) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_668_25
Chen, J., Xu, E., Wang, P., Duan, H., Xiao, Y., Cai, J., Yu, T., Qin, R., Wang, X., Li, X., et al. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202509608
Long-Term Corneal Reshaping Using Riboflavin–UVA Crosslinking Combined With Decorin in Rabbits
Feng, C., Lin, X., Yuan, J., Wang, L., Ye, L., Feng, Q., Liu, S., Li, Z., Yuan, F., & Dai, J. (2025) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.14.10.24
Ocular collagen: From architecture to biomaterials
Chang, R., Qiu, J., Shi, S., & Qu, X. (2026) · Eye Discovery · doi:10.1016/j.edisc.2026.100024
Zheng, Y., Jiang, H., Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Wan, Q., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/10807683261433333
Tañá‐Rivero, P., Orts-Vila, P., Tañá-Sanz, P., Tañá-Sanz, S., Ramos, M., & Tello-Elordi, C. (2026) · Clinical ophthalmology · doi:10.2147/opth.s581736
Chester, C., Moreno-Diaz, E. A., Hu, W., Chen, B., Alshammari, M., Humayun, M. S., Camarillo, J. C. M., & Louie, S. G. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27083565
Allison, A., & Miller, L. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9725524/v1
Curvature as a cue guides biomaterial design for corneal tissue engineering
Qin, J., Li, D., Du, R., Ji, J., & Wang, L. (2026) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2026.116494
Fast and compact scatterometer for ex vivo qualification of low-scattering biological samples
Sarrade, A., Allam, J., Espinas, V., Hoffart, L., Picard, C., David, T., Georges, G., Deumié, C., Siozade, L., & Fade, J. (2026) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/5.0327390
Zhang, T., Jia, Y., Tian, B., Wang, J., Yang, C. R., Zhu, L., Wei, H., Pan, H., Mustafa, A., Hou, Y., et al. (2026) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/d6mh00863a
3D printing in ophthalmology: From basic research to clinical transformation
Wu, Z., Ma, Y., Wang, L., Gu, Y., Tang, M., Cui, W., Zhou, X., & Zhao, J. (2026) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2026.07.038
Hydrogel design at anatomical extremes: Lessons learned from ocular and intraperitoneal applications
Haegebaert, R., Guerassimoff, L., Paoletti, L., Li, W., Sauvage, F., & Remaut, K. (2026) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.115248
Tian, H., Xu, C., Huo, Y., Zhang, X., Gao, W., Deng, F., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2026.105658
Shah, J. R., Pathuri, S., Sharma, R., Skottman, H., Mörö, A., Karamichos, D., Choi, A. J. S., Ong, J., Mehta, J. S., Shrivastava, A., et al. (2026) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2026.101538
- Authors
- Meek, K. M., Knupp, C., Lewis, P. N., Morgan, S. R., & Hayes, S.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Meek, Keith M.
- Venue
- Eye
- Published
- 2024-02-23
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 644-650
- ISSN
- 0078-5334 (ISSN-L)
- 0950-222X
- 1476-5454
- PMC
- PMC11885422
- OpenAlex
- W4392094916
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 7
- FWCI
- 2.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Eye (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/S037829/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Corneal surgery and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Corneal Surgery and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ocular Surface and Contact Lens
- Keywords
- corneal transparency, corneal power, corneal stroma, collagen fibril arrangement, proteoglycans, light scattering, keratocytes, corneal fibroblasts, lamellar structure, elastic fibers, corneal curvature, limbus, ocular pulse, corneal biomechanics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Collagen, Cornea, Corneal Stroma, Humans, Light, Refraction, Ocular, Scattering, Radiation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-02.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-02.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
