Cited by 1,007COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchImmune responses and vaccinations

Aging in COVID-19: Vulnerability, immunity and intervention

Open access
Chen, Yiyin, Klein, Sabra L., Garibaldi, Brian T., Li, Huifen, Wu, Cunjin, Osevala, Nicole M., Li, Taisheng, Margolick, Joseph B. +2 more·2021·Ageing Research Reviews

Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, moved across the globe at an unprecedented speed, and is having a profound and yet still unfolding health and socioeconomic impacts. SARS-CoV-2, a β-coronavirus, is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that causes a disease that has been termed the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clinical experience thus far indicates that COVID-19 is highly heterogeneous, ranging from being asymptomatic and mild to severe and causing death. Host factors including age, sex, and comorbid conditions are key determinants of disease severity and progression. Aging itself is a prominent risk factor for severe disease and death from COVID-19. We hypothesize that age-related decline and dysregulation of immune function, i.e., immunosenescence and inflammaging play a major role in contributing to heightened vulnerability to severe COVID-19 outcomes in older adults. Much remains to be learned about the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We need to begin partitioning all immunological outcome data by age to better understand disease heterogeneity and aging. Such knowledge is critical not only for understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis but also for COVID-19 vaccine development.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101205

Cites

139 of 139 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers a cytokine storm, inflammation, cellular senescence, age-related immunosenescence, and diminished physiological reserves in the respiratory system and other organs.

    “Infection with SARS-CoV-2 triggers a cytokine storm, inflammation, cellular senescence, age-related immunosenescence, as well as diminished physiological reserves in the respiratory system and other organs.276,277”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

16 of the 155 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Chen, Y., Klein, S. L., Garibaldi, B. T., Li, H., Wu, C., Osevala, N. M., Li, T., Margolick, J. B., Pawelec, G., & Leng, S. X.
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (CN)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • Pennsylvania State University (US)
  • Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CN)
  • Health Sciences North (CA)
Corresponding author
Leng, Sean X.
Venue
Ageing Research Reviews
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-01
Volume
65
Pages
101205
ISSN
1568-1637 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3095294553
Cited by
1,007
References
155
Citations by year
2026: 39 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 184 · 2023: 273 · 2022: 264 · 2021: 159
FWCI
8.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Ageing Research Reviews (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (U54 AG062333, R42AG054322, R01 AI108907, R21 AG059742)
  • Milstein Medical Asian American Partnership Foundation
  • U.S. Department of Defense (W911QY-20\u22129-0012, W911QY-20, 9-0012)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Keywords
COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, aging, immunosenescence, inflammaging, older adults, disease severity, immune response, comorbidities, sex differences, COVID-19 vaccine development, age-related immune decline
MeSH terms
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Aged, Aging, China, Humans, Immunity, Coronavirus

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review