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Phage-assisted evolution of an adenine base editor with improved Cas domain compatibility and activity
Open accessAbstract
Applications of adenine base editors (ABEs) have been constrained by the limited compatibility of the deoxyadenosine deaminase component with Cas homologs other than SpCas9. We evolved the deaminase component of ABE7.10 using phage-assisted non-continuous and continuous evolution (PANCE and PACE), which resulted in ABE8e. ABE8e contains eight additional mutations that increase activity (k app) 590-fold compared with that of ABE7.10. ABE8e offers substantially improved editing efficiencies when paired with a variety of Cas9 or Cas12 homologs. ABE8e is more processive than ABE7.10, which could benefit screening, disruption of regulatory regions and multiplex base editing applications. A modest increase in Cas9-dependent and -independent DNA off-target editing, and in transcriptome-wide RNA off-target editing can be ameliorated by the introduction of an additional mutation in the TadA-8e domain. Finally, we show that ABE8e can efficiently install natural mutations that upregulate fetal hemoglobin expression in the BCL11A enhancer or in the the HBG promoter in human cells, targets that were poorly edited with ABE7.10. ABE8e augments the effectiveness and applicability of adenine base editing.
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“ABE8e has an “editing window,” the nucleotides accessible for deamination, of positions 4–9 in the protospacer (11–16 bases upstream from the PAM).16”
From Adenine base editor for knockout of proteins: A practical guide from design to analysis with updated MultiEditRbatch (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
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In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, accumulative studies have proved that sgRNA-independent off-target effects also exist, urging unbiased experimental detection and validation (Richter et al., 2020; O'Geen et al., 2015).”
From Off-target effects in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing (2023) · cites this paper as Richter et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The sgRNA-independent DNA editing is likely deposited on loci where DNA unwinds into an R-loop so single-strand genomic DNA is exposed to deaminases”
From Off-target effects in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing (2023) · cites this paper as Richter et al., 2020
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“ABE8e, a variant published in 2020, exhibits a 590-fold increase in activity due to numerous mutations in the TadA deaminase domain.16”
From Adenine base editor for knockout of proteins: A practical guide from design to analysis with updated MultiEditRbatch (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Truncated gRNA: truncated by 2-3bp at 5’ end | Decreased off-target effects”
From Off-target effects in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing (2023) · cites this paper as [72]
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“Extended gRNA: GGX20 | Decreased off-target effects”
From Off-target effects in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing (2023) · cites this paper as [72]
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SpRY greatly expands the genome editing scope in rice with highly flexible PAM recognition
Xu, Z., Kuang, Y., Ren, B., Yan, D., Yan, F., Spetz, C., Sun, W., Wang, G., Zhou, X., & Zhou, H. (2021) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-020-02231-9 · Cited by 117
Efficient precise in vivo base editing in adult dystrophic mice
Xu, L. M., Zhang, C., Bailin, P. L., Wang, P., Gao, Y., Mohler, P. J., Mokadam, N. A., Ma, J., Arnold, W. D., & Han, R. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23996-y · Cited by 118
Programmable gene insertion in human cells with a laboratory-evolved CRISPR-associated transposase
Witte, I. P., Lampe, G. D., Eitzinger, S., Miller, S. M., Berríos, K. N., McElroy, A. N., King, R. T., Stringham, O. G., Gelsinger, D. R., Vo, P. L. H., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adt5199 · Cited by 121
Self-citationPresent and future prospects for wheat improvement through genome editing and advanced technologies
Li, S., Zhang, C., Li, J., Yan, L., Wang, N., & Xia, L. (2021) · Plant Communications · doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100211 · Cited by 118
The Potential of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing as a Treatment Strategy for Inherited Diseases
Abdelnour, S. A., Xie, L., Hassanin, A. A., Zuo, E., & Lu, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.699597 · Cited by 121
Strand-selective base editing of human mitochondrial DNA using mitoBEs
Yi, Z., Zhang, X., Tang, W., Yu, Y. F., Wei, X., Zhang, X., & Wei, W. (2023) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-023-01791-y · Cited by 112
A versatile genetic engineering toolkit for E. coli based on CRISPR-prime editing
Tong, Y., Jørgensen, T. S., Whitford, C. M., Weber, T., & Lee, S. Y. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25541-3 · Cited by 104
CRISPR engineering in organoids for gene repair and disease modelling
Geurts, M. H., & Clevers, H. (2023) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-022-00013-5 · Cited by 103
Marquart, K. F., Allam, A., Janjuha, S., Sintsova, A., Villiger, L., Frey, N., Krauthammer, M., & Schwank, G. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25375-z · Cited by 102
CRISPR-based gene editing technology and its application in microbial engineering
Wei, J., & Li, Y. (2023) · Engineering Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.engmic.2023.100101 · Cited by 106
Genome editing mediated by SpCas9 variants with broad non-canonical PAM compatibility in plants
Li, J., Xu, R., Qin, R., Liu, X., Kong, F., & Wei, P. (2020) · Molecular Plant · doi:10.1016/j.molp.2020.12.017 · Cited by 100
Base-editing mutagenesis maps alleles to tune human T cell functions
Schmidt, R. L. J., Ward, C. C., Dajani, R., Armour-Garb, Z., Ota, M., Allain, V., Hernandez, R., Layeghi, M., Xing, G., Goudy, L., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06835-6 · Cited by 101
CRISPR-Based Genome Editing Tools: Insights into Technological Breakthroughs and Future Challenges
Mushtaq, M., Dar, A. A., Skalický, M., Tyagi, A., Bhagat, N., Basu, U., Bhat, B. A., Zaid, A., Ali, S., Dar, T. U. H., et al. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12060797 · Cited by 100
Mitochondrial DNA mutations in ageing and cancer
Smith, A. L. M., Whitehall, J. C., & Greaves, L. C. (2022) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.13291 · Cited by 105
Li, C., Georgakopoulou, A., Mishra, A., Gil, S., Hawkins, R. D., Yannaki, E., & Lieber, A. (2021) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003702 · Cited by 96
Next-Generation CRISPR Technologies and Their Applications in Gene and Cell Therapy
C., M. A. Z., & Gaj, T. (2020) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.10.010 · Cited by 99
High-purity production and precise editing of DNA base editing ribonucleoproteins
Jang, H.-K., Jo, D. H., Lee, S.-N., Cho, C. S., Jeong, Y. K., Jung, Y., Yu, J., Kim, J. H., Woo, J.-S., & Bae, S. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg2661 · Cited by 93
Discovery of Diverse CRISPR-Cas Systems and Expansion of the Genome Engineering Toolbox
Koonin, E. V., Gootenberg, J. S., & Abudayyeh, O. O. (2023) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00159 · Cited by 95
Plant base editing and prime editing: The current status and future perspectives
Li, J., Zhang, C., He, Y., Li, S., Yan, L., Li, Y., Zhu, Z., & Xia, L. (2022) · Journal of Integrative Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/jipb.13425 · Cited by 94
Development of miniature base editors using engineered IscB nickase
Han, D., Xiao, Q., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Dong, X., Li, G., Kong, X., Wang, S., Song, J., Zhang, W., et al. (2023) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-023-01898-9 · Cited by 92
CRISPR/Cas9 Landscape: Current State and Future Perspectives
Tyumentsev, A. I., Tyumentsev, A. I., & Акимкин, В. Г. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242216077 · Cited by 98
Base editing screens map mutations affecting interferon-γ signaling in cancer
Coelho, M. A., Cooper, S., Strauß, M. E., Karakoç, E., Bhosle, S. G., Gonçalves, E., Picco, G., Burgold, T., Cattaneo, C. M., Veninga, V., et al. (2023) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2022.12.009 · Cited by 94
Fei, H., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Wei, J., Chen, A. A., & Gao, C. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.06.014 · Cited by 96
Base Editing in Plants: Applications, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Azameti, M. K., & Dauda, W. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.664997 · Cited by 88
McAuley, G. E., Yiu, G., Chang, P. C., Newby, G. A., Campo-Fernández, B., Fitz‐Gibbon, S. T., Xiaomeng, W., Kang, S.-H. L., Garibay, A., Butler, J., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.027 · Cited by 90
Self-citationEngineering TALE-linked deaminases to facilitate precision adenine base editing in mitochondrial DNA
Cho, S.-I., Lim, K., Hong, S., Lee, J., Kim, A., Lim, C. J., Ryou, S., Lee, J. M., Mok, Y. G., Chung, E., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.035 · Cited by 88
Frequency and mechanisms of LINE-1 retrotransposon insertions at CRISPR/Cas9 sites
Tao, J., Wang, Q., Mendez‐Dorantes, C., Burns, K. H., & Chiarle, R. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31322-3 · Cited by 91
Base and Prime Editing Technologies for Blood Disorders
Antoniou, P., Miccio, A., & Brusson, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Genome Editing · doi:10.3389/fgeed.2021.618406 · Cited by 94
Programmable deaminase-free base editors for G-to-Y conversion by engineered glycosylase
Tong, H., Liu, N., Wei, Y., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., Wu, D., Jin, M., Cui, S., Li, H., Li, G., et al. (2023) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwad143 · Cited by 87
Glycosylase-based base editors for efficient T-to-G and C-to-G editing in mammalian cells
Ye, L., Zhao, D., Li, J., Wang, Y., Li, B., Yang, Y., Hou, X., Wang, H., Wei, Z., Liu, X., et al. (2024) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-023-02050-w · Cited by 91
Rationally Designed Base Editors for Precise Editing of the Sickle Cell Disease Mutation
Chu, S. H., Packer, M. S., Rees, H. A., Lam, D. K., Yu, Y., Marshall, J., Cheng, L.-I., Lam, D., Olins, J., Ran, F. A., et al. (2021) · The CRISPR Journal · doi:10.1089/crispr.2020.0144 · Cited by 79
Comprehensive analysis of prime editing outcomes in human embryonic stem cells
Habib, O., Habib, G., Hwang, G., & Bae, S. (2021) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkab1295 · Cited by 85
Metadata
- Authors
- Richter, M. F., Zhao, K. T., Eton, E., Lapinaite, A., Newby, G. A., Thuronyi, B. W., Wilson, C., Koblan, L. W., Zeng, J., Bauer, D. E., Doudna, J. A., & Liu, D. R.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, David R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Biotechnology
- Published
- 2020-03-16
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 883-891
- ISSN
- 0733-222X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0156
- 1546-1696
- PMC
- PMC7357821
- OpenAlex
- W3012327875
- Cited by
- 1,020
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 158 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 192 · 2023: 192 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 29
- FWCI
- 38.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2020-05-20)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL053749)
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01 AI142756)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (RM1 HG009490)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01 EB022376)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35 GM118062)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Keywords
- adenine base editing, ABE8e, phage-assisted continuous evolution, Cas12, processivity, off-target editing, fetal hemoglobin, PAM site
- MeSH terms
- Gene Editing, Adenine, Adenosine Deaminase, Bacteriophages, DNA, Humans, Mutation, RNA, Mutagenesis, HEK293 Cells, CRISPR-Cas Systems
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