The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise: its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease control
Abstract
Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is a feature of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Regular exercise offers protection against all-cause mortality, primarily by protection against atherosclerosis and insulin resistance and there is evidence that physical training is effective as a treatment in patients with chronic heart diseases and type 2 diabetes. Regular exercise induces anti-inflammatory actions. During exercise, IL-6 (interleukin-6) is produced by muscle fibres. IL-6 stimulates the appearance in the circulation of other anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ra (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) and IL-10 (interleukin-10) and inhibits the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha). In addition, IL-6 enhances lipid turnover, stimulating lipolysis as well as fat oxidation. It is suggested that regular exercise induces suppression of TNF-alpha and thereby offers protection against TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance. Recently, IL-6 was introduced as the first myokine, defined as a cytokine, that is produced and released by contracting skeletal muscle fibres, exerting its effects in other organs of the body. Myokines may be involved in mediating the beneficial health effects against chronic diseases associated with low-grade inflammation such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
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In rodent studies, 6 weeks of n-3 PUFA supplementation prevented adipose tissue inflammation induced by a high-fat diet.
“6 weeks of n-3 PUFA supplementation prevented adipose tissue inflammation induced by a high-fat diet (647)”
From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [647]
Physical inactivity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, especially when associated with obesity.
“Physical inactivity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, not least when a physical inactive lifestyle is associated with obesity (29, 142, 144, 145, 207-210).”
From Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines (2020) · cites this paper as [210]
IL-6 and IL-6-regulated acute phase proteins are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive, and may negatively regulate the acute-phase response.
“Interleukin-6 is most often classified as a proinflammatory cytokine, although data also suggest that IL-6 and IL-6-regulated acute phase proteins are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive, and may negatively regulate the acute-phase response [20].”
From Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [20]
The long-term effect of exercise may to some extent be ascribed to the anti-inflammatory response elicited by an acute bout of exercise, which is partly mediated by muscle-derived IL-6.
“In particular, the long-term effect of exercise may to some extent be ascribed to the anti-inflammatory response elicited by an acute bout of exercise, which is partly mediated by muscle-derived IL-6 [8, 20, 81].”
From Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- Pedersen, B. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Pedersen, Bente Klarlund
- Venue
- Essays in Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2006-11-27
- Volume
- 42
- Pages
- 105-117
- ISSN
- 0071-1365 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-1358
- OpenAlex
- W2103550756
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Essays in Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- physical activity, anti-inflammatory activity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, low-grade inflammation, interleukin-6, myokines, skeletal muscle, TNF-α, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, IL-10, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, lipid turnover, lipolysis, fat oxidation
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Exercise Therapy, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Models, Biological, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Exercise, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Atherosclerosis
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