Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Pedersen, Bente Klarlund

doi:10.1111/eci.12781

Cited by 617Exercise and Physiological ResponsesAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesPhysical Activity and Health

Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Pedersen, Bente Klarlund·2017·European Journal of Clinical Investigation

DOI 10.1111/eci.12781

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Persistent inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). AIMS: The aim of this review was to provide the reader with an update of the mechanisms whereby exercise-induced cytokines may impact cardiometabolic diseases. RESULTS: Evidence exists that interleukin (IL)-1β is involved in pancreatic β-cell damage, whereas TNF-α is a key molecule in peripheral insulin resistance. In addition, TNF-α appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and heart failure. A marked increase in IL-6 and IL-10 is provoked by exercise and exerts direct anti-inflammatory effects by an inhibition of TNF-α and by stimulating IL-1ra, thereby limiting IL-1β signalling. Moreover, muscle-derived IL-6 appears to have direct anti-inflammatory effects and serves as a mechanism to improve glucose tolerance. In addition, indirect anti-inflammatory effects of long-term exercise are mediated via improvements in body composition. CONCLUSION: Physical activity represents a natural, strong anti-inflammatory strategy with minor side effects and should be integrated in the management of patients with cardiometabolic diseases.

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No review has provided a comprehensive integrative overview of these novel molecular players and the mechanisms involved in metabolic fuel redistribution, weight and fat mass loss, and reduced inflammation.
“To our knowledge, no review has provided a comprehensive integrative overview of these novel molecular players and the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of metabolic fuel during and after exercise, the loss of weight and fat mass, and reduced inflammation.”
From The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
Literature on this topic has been reviewed by others on a separate basis, by describing either individual molecules or groups of factors, proteins, hormones, or molecules.
“Literature on this topic is vast and has been reviewed by others but on a separate basis, by describing either individual molecules or groups of factors, proteins, hormones, or molecules [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,29].”
From The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
IL-6 serum levels increase following bouts of aerobic exercise, with exercise duration as the main determinant of the increase (e.g., 5-fold following 30 min running at 75% VO2max to 100-fold during marathon running).
“IL-6 serum levels have been shown to increase following bouts of aerobic exercise, with exercise duration as the main determinant of the increase (e.g., 5-fold following 30 min of running at 75% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) to 100-fold during marathon running) [8,70].”
From The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
IL-10 inhibits the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, while IL-1Ra antagonizes the actions of IL-1β.
“IL-10, in turn, was found to inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines [9], while IL-1Ra was shown to antagonize the actions of IL-1β [8] (4).”
From The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
A marked increase in cytokines, such as interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, provoked by PA can protect against chronic inflammation in T2D.
“In addition, a marked increase in cytokines, such as interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, provoked by PA can protect against chronic inflammation in T2D27.”
From Accelerometer-derived physical activity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes (2024) · cites this paper as [27]

Physical inactivity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, especially when associated with obesity.
“Physical inactivity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, not least when a physical inactive lifestyle is associated with obesity (29, 142, 144, 145, 207-210).”
From Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines (2020) · cites this paper as [142]
An acute bout of exercise induces anti-inflammatory effects that may at least partially be mediated by IL-6, not excluding other anti-inflammatory factors such as adrenaline and cortisol.
“Together these data show that an acute bout of exercise induces anti‐inflammatory effects that may at least partially be mediated by IL‐6, not excluding other anti-inflammatory factors such as adrenaline and cortisol, as previously discussed (142).”
From Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines (2020) · cites this paper as [142]
Physical activity improves blood sugar control through decreased inflammation, activation of insulin-independent glucose pathways, and reduced sympathetic response.
“PA is effective in treatment of diabetes and is believed to improve blood sugar control by 1) decreasing inflammation to improve insulin sensitivity, 2) activating insulinindependent glucose pathways, and 3) reducing sympathetic response”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Utilizing excess calories prevents accumulation of pro-inflammatory visceral fat.
“Utilizing excess calories also prevents the accumulation of pro-inflammatory visceral fat.”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
IL6 release by contracting muscles leads to direct and indirect anti-inflammatory effects and improvement of skeletal muscle insulin resistance.
“But, its release by contracting muscles leads to direct and indirect anti-inflammatory effects and improvement of skeletal muscle insulin resistance.180,181”
From Exercise benefits in cardiovascular diseases: From mechanisms to clinical implementation (2023) · cites this paper as [181]

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Authors: Pedersen, B. K.
Affiliations: University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author: Pedersen, Bente Klarlund
ORCID: Pedersen, Bente Klarlund
Venue: European Journal of Clinical Investigation
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2017-07-19
Volume: 47
Issue: 8
Pages: 600-611
ISSN: 0014-2972 (ISSN-L)
1365-2362
DOI: 10.1111/eci.12781
OpenAlex: W2736643621
Cited by: 617
References: 155
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 3
FWCI: 6.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: European Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Funders: TrygFonden
Strategiske Forskningsråd (09‐067009, 09‐075724)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Keywords: physical activity, anti-inflammatory activity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, interleukin-6, IL-10, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, insulin resistance, pancreatic beta-cell damage, atherosclerosis, heart failure, glucose tolerance, body composition, cardiometabolic disease
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, C-Reactive Protein, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Exercise Therapy, Heart Failure, Humans, Inflammation, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Exercise, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Yin-Yang, Myocardial Ischemia, Abdominal Fat, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Interleukin-1beta

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Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease

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