Physiological roles of muscle-derived interleukin-6 in response to exercise
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss recent findings with regard to the regulation of muscle-derived interleukin-6 as well as the possible physiological and metabolic roles of interleukin-6 in response to exercise. RECENT FINDINGS: Contraction-induced transcription and release of interleukin-6 is primarily regulated by an altered intramuscular milieu in response to exercise. Accordingly, changes in calcium homeostasis, impaired glucose availability and increased formation of reactive oxygen species are all associated with exercise and capable of activating transcription factors known to regulate interleukin-6 synthesis. Acute interleukin-6 administration to humans increases lipolysis, fat oxidation and insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation by interleukin-6 appears to play an important role in modulating some of these metabolic effects. Interleukin-6 facilitates an antiinflammatory milieu and may exert some of its biological effects via inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha. SUMMARY: The discovery of contracting muscle as a cytokine-producing organ opens a new paradigm: skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ that in response to contractions produces and releases 'myokines', which subsequently can modulate the metabolic and immunological response to exercise in several tissues. In our view, interleukin-6 may be one of several myokines.
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Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease are related to a state of low-grade systemic inflammation.
“Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease are related to a state of low-grade systemic inflammation [7, 27–29].”
From Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [28]
IL-6 protein is expressed in contracting muscle fibres and IL-6 is released from skeletal muscle during exercise.
“In addition, it has been demonstrated that the IL-6 protein is expressed in contracting muscle fibres and that IL-6 is released from skeletal muscle during exercise [28].”
From Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [28]
The exercise-induced increase in plasma IL-6 levels is followed by increased circulating levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ra and IL-10.
“The exercise-induced increase in plasma IL-6 levels is followed by increased circulating levels of well-known anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ra and IL-10 [28, 48].”
From Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [28]
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Inverse melting of metastable Nb–Cr solid solutions
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INDOMETHACIN MODULATES CIRCULATING CYTOKINE RESPONSES TO STRENUOUS EXERCISE IN HUMANS
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Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6
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Self-citationExercise as a remedy for sarcopenia
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Self-citationExercise-induced muscle damage: mechanism, assessment and nutritional factors to accelerate recovery
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Human IL6 enhances leptin action in mice
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The Role of Exercise in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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The therapeutic potential of exercise to treat cachexia
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Forgot to Exercise? Exercise Derived Circulating Myokines in Alzheimer's Disease: A Perspective
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- Authors
- Pedersen, B. K., & Fischer, C. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Pedersen, Bente K
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 265-271
- ISSN
- 1363-1950 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2001953371
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 2.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, myokines, skeletal muscle, physical activity, muscle contraction, calcium homeostasis, reactive oxygen species, transcription factors, AMPK, lipolysis, fat oxidation, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, anti-inflammatory activity, TNF-α
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Humans, Muscle Contraction, Exercise, Interleukin-6, Muscle, Skeletal
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