Is the anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise responsible for reduced cardiovascular disease?
Abstract
Engaging in regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing CVD (cardiovascular disease), but it is not certain to what degree this may be due to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. Following acute exercise, there is a transient increase in circulating levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, whereas chronic exercise reduces basal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Exercise training also induces the expression of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mediators in the vascular wall that may directly inhibit the development of atherosclerosis. Limited studies in humans and more comprehensive assessments in animal models have confirmed that exercise is atheroprotective and helped identify a number of the mechanisms to explain these effects. This review explores the relationship between systemic and vascular wall inflammation and the role that the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise have on the development and progression of CVD.
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C-reactive protein is a stronger independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease than the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.
“CRP has emerged as a particularly stronger independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease than the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level [13, 33, 34].”
From Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [13]
Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is characterized by a 2- to 3-fold elevation in systemic concentrations of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, natural occurring cytokine antagonists, and C-reactive protein.
“Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation has been characterized by a 2- to 3-fold elevation in the systemic concentrations of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, natural occurring cytokine antagonists, and the acute phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) [13, 22].”
From Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [13]
The magnitude by which plasma IL-6 increases is related to exercise duration, intensity, and muscle mass involved in the mechanical work.
“The magnitude by which plasma IL-6 increases is related to exercise duration, intensity, and muscle mass involved in the mechanical work [13, 18, 60, 62].”
From Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [13]
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Pedersen, B. K. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.048074 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
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Exercise and Self-Reported Limitations in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
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- Authors
- Wilund, K. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilund, Kenneth R.
- Venue
- Clinical Science
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2007-05-01
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 543-555
- ISSN
- 0143-5221 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8736
- OpenAlex
- W2028798401
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- physical activity, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, anti-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory cytokines, atherosclerosis, atheroprotection, vascular wall, exercise training, vascular inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Antioxidants, Arteritis, C-Reactive Protein, Calcinosis, Humans, Oxidation-Reduction, Exercise, Cytokines, Atherosclerosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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