Cited by 156Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorNutritional Studies and DietObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

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Snacking patterns influence energy and nutrient intakes but not body mass index

Hampl, J. S., Heaton, C. L. B., Taylor, C. A.·2003·Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics

DOI 10.1046/j.1365-277x.2003.00417.x

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Abstract

Objective To study dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) patterns among US adults, stratified by snacking patterns. Design The 1994–1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) provided the study sample. Snacking episodes were defined as a ‘food and/or beverage break’, and subjects were classified as morning, afternoon, evening, multiple or never snackers. Subjects/setting Our study included data from 1756 men and 1511 women who provided two nonconsecutive, multiple‐pass 24‐h dietary recalls. Statistical analyses Mean values of each subject's two 24‐h recalls were used for analyses, and data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows and SUDAAN. Results Compared with women, men were more likely to be evening, multiple or never snackers. Male multiple snackers had significantly higher energy intakes than did afternoon and never snackers, whereas female multiple snackers had higher energy intakes than did morning, evening and never snackers. At the same time, male and female multiple snackers had more prudent energy‐adjusted intakes of protein, cholesterol, calcium and sodium. Coffee, cola, milk, ice cream and fruits were among the most frequently consumed snacks by men and women. The BMI did not differ significantly across snacker categories. Conclusions These data indicate that snacking patterns have some effects on energy and nutrient intakes but not on BMI. Snack food choices remain a concern, especially beverages, including those that are sweetened. Vegetables and fruits as snacks should be encouraged.

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Authors: Hampl, J. S., Heaton, C. L. B., & Taylor, C. A.
Affiliations: Arizona State University (US)
Arizona Department of Health Services (US)
Oklahoma State University (US)
Corresponding author: Hampl, J. S.
ORCID: Hampl, J. S.
Taylor, C. A.
Venue: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2003-02
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-11
ISSN: 0952-3871 (ISSN-L)
1365-277X
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-277x.2003.00417.x
OpenAlex: W2015950382
Cited by: 156
References: 43
Citations by year: 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 3.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 6 d)
Locations: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: snacking patterns, body mass index, energy intake, nutrient intake, snack food choice, beverage consumption, sweetened beverages, sex differences, dietary intake
MeSH terms: Adult, Calcium, Dietary, Energy Intake, Edible Grain, Cholesterol, Dietary, Diet, Diet Surveys, Dietary Fiber, Dietary Proteins, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Mental Recall, Sex Characteristics, Sodium, Dietary, Time Factors, Diet Records, Body Mass Index

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Snacking patterns influence energy and nutrient intakes but not body mass index

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