Placental Development in Normal and Compromised Pregnancies— A Review

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension.

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The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis

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Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis

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Angiopoietin-2, a Natural Antagonist for Tie2 That Disrupts in vivo Angiogenesis

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Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis.

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Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life

Barker, D. J. P., Godfrey, K. M., Gluckman, P. D., Harding, J. E., Owens, J. A., & Robinson, J. S. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91224-a · Cited by 2,753

Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth

Barker, D. J. P., Hales, C. N., Fall, C. H. D., Osmond, C., Phipps, K., & Clark, P. M. S. (1993) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00399095 · Cited by 2,468

Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease.

Barker, D. J., Osmond, C., Golding, J., Kuh, D., & Wadsworth, M. E. (1989) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6673.564 · Cited by 2,415

Fetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life.

Barker, D. J., Bull, A. R., Osmond, C., & Simmonds, S. J. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.301.6746.259 · Cited by 1,728

A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the Flt4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases.

Joukov, V., Pajusola, K., Kaipainen, A., Chilov, D., Lahtinen, I., Kukk, E., Saksela, O., Kalkkinen, N., & Alitalo, K. (1996) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00359.x · Cited by 1,672

Marshall’s Physiology of Reproduction: Volume 3 Pregnancy and Lactation

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Intrauterine growth restriction

Resnik, R. (2002) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01780-x · Cited by 1,022

A study of placental bed spiral arteries and trophoblast invasion in normal and severe pre‐eclamptic pregnancies

Meekins, J. W., Pijnenborg, R., Hanssens, M., MCFadyen, I. R., & van Asshe, A. (1994) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13182.x · Cited by 905

Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells.

Olofsson, B., Pajusola, K., Kaipainen, A., von Euler, G., Joukov, V, Saksela, O., Orpana, A., Pettersson, R. F., Alitalo, K., & Eriksson, U. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.6.2576 · Cited by 803

The physiological response of the vessels of the placental bed to normal pregnancy

Brosens, I., Robertson, W. B., & Dixon, H. G. (1967) · The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology · doi:10.1002/path.1700930218 · Cited by 788

Fetal umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms and placental resistance: pathological correlation

GILES, W. B., TRUDINGER, B. J., & BAIRD, P. J. (1985) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1985.tb01045.x · Cited by 724

Hypoxic Stabilization of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor mRNA by the RNA-binding Protein HuR

Levy, N. S., Chung, S., Furneaux, H., & Levy, A. P. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.11.6417 · Cited by 663

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 mediates the biological effects of oxygen on human trophoblast differentiation through TGFβ3

Caniggia, I., Mostachfi, H., Winter, J., Gassmann, M., Lye, S. J., Kuliszewski, M., & Post, M. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci8316 · Cited by 644

Development of the placental villous tree and its consequences for fetal growth

Kingdom, J., Huppertz, B., Seaward, G., & Kaufmann, P. (2000) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/s0301-2115(00)00423-1 · Cited by 592

Oxygen and placental villous development: Origins of fetal hypoxia

Kingdom, J. C. P., & Kaufmann, P. (1997) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(97)90000-x · Cited by 581

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, a Potent and Selective Angiogenic Agent

Thomas, K. A. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.2.603 · Cited by 556

Hypoxia and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Selectively Up-regulate Angiopoietin-2 in Bovine Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Oh, H., Takagi, H., Suzuma, K., Otani, A., Matsumura, M., & Honda, Y. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.22.15732 · Cited by 499

The synepitheliochorial placenta of ruminants: Binucleate cell fusions and hormone production

Wooding, F. B. P. (1992) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/0143-4004(92)90025-o · Cited by 496

Angiopoietin-1 induces sprouting angiogenesis in vitro

Koblizek, T. I., Weiss, C., Yancopoulos, G. D., Deutsch, U., & Risau, W. (1998) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(98)70205-2 · Cited by 459

Intrauterine growth restriction with absent end-diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery is associated with maldevelopment of the placental terminal villous tree

Krebs, C., Macara, L. M., Leiser, R., Bowman, A. W., Greer, I. A., & Kingdom, J. C. P. (1996) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70103-5 · Cited by 427

Neuropilin-2 and Neuropilin-1 Are Receptors for the 165-Amino Acid Form of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and of Placenta Growth Factor-2, but Only Neuropilin-2 Functions as a Receptor for the 145-Amino Acid Form of VEGF

Gluzman-Poltorak, Z., Cohen, T., Herzog, Y., & Neufeld, G. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m909259199 · Cited by 407

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Upregulates the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Synergistic Interaction With Hypoxia

Stavri, G. T., Zachary, I. C., Baskerville, P. A., Martin, J. F., & Erusalimsky, J. D. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.92.1.11 · Cited by 395

Oxygen and Placental Development During the First Trimester: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Pre-eclampsia

Caniggia, I., Winter, J., Lye, S. J., & Post, M. (2000) · Placenta · doi:10.1053/plac.1999.0522 · Cited by 377

VEGF-A Induces Expression of eNOS and iNOS in Endothelial Cells via VEGF Receptor-2 (KDR)

Kroll, J., & Waltenberger, J. (1998) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9719 · Cited by 367

Structural analysis of placental terminal villi from growth-restricted pregnancies with abnormal umbilical artery doppler waveforms

Macara, L., Kingdom, J. C. P., Kaufmann, P., Kohnen, G., Hair, J., More, I. A. R., Lyall, F., & Greer, I. A. (1996) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80642-3 · Cited by 351

Neuropilin-1 Is a Placenta Growth Factor-2 Receptor

Migdal, M., Huppertz, B., Tessler, S., Comforti, A., Shibuya, M., Reich, R., Baumann, H., & Neufeld, G. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.35.22272 · Cited by 348

Diagnostic Value of Blood Sampling in Fetuses with Growth Retardation

Pardi, G., Cetin, I., Marconi, A. M., Lanfranchi, A., Bozzetti, P., Farrazzi, E., Buscaglia, M., & Battaglia, F. C. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199303113281004 · Cited by 347

Vascular endothelial growth factor, placenta growth factor and their receptors in isolated human trophoblast

Shore, V. H., Wang, T.-H., Wang, C.-L., Torry, R. J., Caudle, M. R., & Torry, D. S. (1997) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(97)90007-2 · Cited by 325

The Interaction of Neuropilin-1 with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Receptor Flt-1

Fuh, G., Garcia, K. C., & de Vos, A. M. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)61431-6 · Cited by 312

Hypoxic induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human epithelial cells is mediated by increases in mRNA stability

Shima, D. T., Deutsch, U., & D'Amore, P. A. (1995) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)00831-s · Cited by 305

Homologs of vascular endothelial growth factor are encoded by the poxvirus orf virus

Lyttle, D. J., Fraser, K. M., Fleming, S. B., Mercer, A. A., & Robinson, A. J. (1994) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.68.1.84-92.1994 · Cited by 303

Molecular Cloning of a Novel Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF-D

Yamada, Y., Nezu, J.-I., Shimane, M., & Hirata, Y. (1997) · Genomics · doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4774 · Cited by 300

Purification and Characterization of a Naturally Occurring Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor · Placenta Growth Factor Heterodimer

DiSalvo, J., Bayne, M. L., Conn, G., Kwok, P. W., Trivedi, P. G., Soderman, D. D., Palisi, T. M., Sullivan, K. A., & Thomas, K. A. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.13.7717 · Cited by 297

Heterodimers of Placenta Growth Factor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Cao, Y., Chen, H., Zhou, L., Chiang, M.-K., Anand-Apte, B., Weatherbee, J. A., Wang, Y., Fang, F., Flanagan, J. G., & Tsang, M. L.-S. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.6.3154 · Cited by 295

Association between the Activity of the System A Amino Acid Transporter in the Microvillous Plasma Membrane of the Human Placenta and Severity of Fetal Compromise in Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Glazier, J. D., Cetin, I., Perugino, G., Ronzoni, S., Grey, A. M., Mahendran, D., Marconi, A. M., Pardi, G., & Sibley, C. P. (1997) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199710000-00016 · Cited by 288

Intrauterine Growth Retardation: Definition, Classification, and Etiology

POLLACK, R. N., & DIVON, M. Y. (1992) · Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00003081-199203000-00015 · Cited by 287

Preeclampsia is associated with reduced serum levels of placenta growth factor

Torry, D. S., Wang, H.-S., Wang, T.-H., Caudle, M. R., & Torry, R. J. (1998) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70021-3 · Cited by 286

Uteroplacental vascular pathology

Robertson, W. B., Brosens, I., & Dixon, G. (1975) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/0028-2243(75)90130-6 · Cited by 285

Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Placenta Growth Factor in Human Placenta1

Vuorela, P., Hatva, E., Lymboussaki, A., Kaipainen, A., Joukov, V., Persico, M. G., Alitalo, K., & Halmesmäki, E. (1997) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod56.2.489 · Cited by 260

Colocalisation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Flt-1 Receptor in Human Placenta

Ahmed, A., Li, X. F., Dunk, C., Whittle, M. J., Rushton, D. I., & Rollason, T. (1995) · Growth Factors · doi:10.3109/08977199509036883 · Cited by 251

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Localization and Activation in Human Trophoblast and Choriocarcinoma Cells1

Stephen Charnock-Jones, D., Sharkey, A. M., Boocock, C. A., Ahmed, A., Plevin, R., Ferrara, N., & Smith, S. K. (1994) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod51.3.524 · Cited by 243

Expression of mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor in human placenta

Sharkey, A. M., Charnock-Jones, D. S., Boocock, C. A., Brown, K. D., & Smith, S. K. (1993) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0990609 · Cited by 241

Placental Transport of Leucine and Lysine Is Reduced in Intrauterine Growth Restriction1

Jansson, T., Scholtbach, V., & Powell, T. L. (1998) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199810000-00011 · Cited by 235

Low maternal serum levels of placenta growth factor as an antecedent of clinical preeclampsia

Tidwell, S. C., Ho, H.-N., Chiu, W.-H., Torry, R. J., & Torry, D. S. (2001) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2001.113129 · Cited by 231

Pre-eclampsia is associated with an excess of proliferative immature intermediate trophoblast

Redline, R. W., & Patterson, P. (1995) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/0046-8177(95)90162-0 · Cited by 217

A HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF IMPLANTATION AND EARLY PLACENTOME FORMATION IN SHEEP

BOSHIER, D. P. (1969) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0190051 · Cited by 213

Regulation of Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor mRNA Stability in Hypoxia by Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein L

Shih, S.-C., & Claffey, K. P. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.3.1359 · Cited by 211

Blood glucose and oxygen tension levels in small-for-gestational-age fetuses

Economides, D. L., & Nicolaides, K. H. (1989) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(89)90453-5 · Cited by 207

Intrauterine Growth Restriction Is Associated with a Reduced Activity of Placental Taurine Transporters

Norberg, S., Powell, T. L., & Jansson, T. (1998) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199808000-00016 · Cited by 203

Hypoxia down-regulates placenta growth factor, whereas fetal growth restriction up-regulates placenta growth factor expression: molecular evidence for "placental hyperoxia" in intrauterine growth restriction.

Khaliq, A., Dunk, C., Jiang, J., Shams, M., Li, X. F., Acevedo, C. A., Weich, H. A., Whittle, M. J., & Ahmed, A. M. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 195

Angiopoietin-1 and Angiopoietin-2 Activate Trophoblast Tie-2 to Promote Growth and Migration during Placental Development

Dunk, C., Shams, M., Nijjar, S., Rhaman, M., Qiu, Y., Bussolati, B., & Ahmed, A. (2000) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65089-4 · Cited by 187

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in placental villous tissue from normal, pre-eclamptic and intrauterine growth restricted pregnancies

Myatt, L., Eis, A. L., Brockman, D. E., Greer, I. A., & Lyall, F. (1997) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/12.1.167 · Cited by 182

How Do We Explain the Clinical Benefits of Estrogen?: From Bedside to Bench

Gerhard, M., & Ganz, P. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.92.1.5 · Cited by 182

UMBILICAL ARTERY FLOW VELOCITY WAVEFORMS IN HIGH-RISK PREGNANCY

Trudinger, B., Giles, W., Cook, C., Connelly, A., & Thompson, R. (1987) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90003-1 · Cited by 179

Expression, Ontogeny, and Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factors in the Human Placenta1

Rajakumar, A., & Conrad, K. P. (2000) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod63.2.559 · Cited by 177

Placental glucose transport in heat-induced fetal growth retardation

Thureen, P. J., Trembler, K. A., Meschia, G., Makowski, E. L., & Wilkening, R. B. (1992) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.3.r578 · Cited by 172

Some aspects of placental function in chronically heat-stressed ewes.

Aw, B., Wilkening, R. B., & Meschia, G. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 168

Placental pathology of absent and reversed end-diastolic flow in growth-restricted fetuses

SALAFIA, C., PEZZULLO, J., MINIOR, V, & DIVON, M. (1997) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00473-0 · Cited by 162

Chronic Heat Stress and Prenatal Development in Sheep: I. Conceptus Growth and Maternal Plasma Hormones and Metabolites

Bell, A. W., McBride, B. W., Slepetis, R., Early, R. J., & Currie, W. B. (1989) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas1989.67123289x · Cited by 160

Oxygen and Placental Vascular Development

Kingdom, J. C. P., & Kaufmann, P. (1999) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4711-2_20 · Cited by 159

VEGF mRNA levels in placentae from pregnancies complicated by pre‐eclampsia

Cooper, J. C., Sharkey, A., Jones, D. S., Palmer, C. R., & Smith, S. K. (1996) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09627.x · Cited by 154

Selective Overexpression of the Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factor, HIF-2α, in Placentas from Women with Preeclampsia1

Rajakumar, A., Whitelock, K. A., Weissfeld, L. A., Daftary, A. R., Marković, N., & Conrad, K. P. (2001) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolreprod/64.2.499 · Cited by 154

Placental expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in placentae from pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction does not support placental hypoxia at delivery

Lyall, F., Young, A., Boswell, F., Kingdom, J. C., & Greer, I. A. (1997) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(97)80061-6 · Cited by 152

Classification of human placental villi: I. Histology

Kaufmann, P., Sen, D. K., & Schweikhart, G. (1979) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00234852 · Cited by 149

Placental transport and fetal utilization of leucine in a model of fetal growth retardation

J. C. Ross, Fennessey, P. V., Wilkening, R. B., Battaglia, F. C., & Meschia, G. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.270.3.e491 · Cited by 146

Steady State Maternal-Fetal Leucine Enrichments in Normal and Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Pregnancies

Marconi, A. M., Paolini, C. L., Stramare, L., Cetin, I., Fennessey, P. V., Pardi, G., & Battaglia, F. C. (1999) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199907000-00019 · Cited by 121

Venous drainage of the human uterus: Respiratory gas studiesin normal and fetal growth-retarded pregnancies

Pardi, G., Cetin, I., Marconi, A. M., Bozzetti, P., Buscaglia, M., Makowski, E. L., & Battaglia, F. C. (1992) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(92)91700-k · Cited by 119

Fetal Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease in Adult Life

Barker, D. J. P., & Godfrey, K. M. (2001) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-226-5_16 · Cited by 117

Angiogenesis and the placental environment

Wheeler, T., Elcock, C. L., & Anthony, F. W. (1995) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/0143-4004(95)90115-9 · Cited by 114

Nitric oxide concentrations are increased in the feto-placental circulation in intrauterine growth restriction

Lyall, F., Greer, I. A., Young, A., & Myatt, L. (1996) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(96)80009-9 · Cited by 107

Comparative placentation : essays in structure and function

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Placental vascular corrosion cast studies: A comparison between ruminants and humans

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Classification of intrauterine growth retardation.

Brar, H. S., & Rutherford, S. E. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 100

Relationship of fetal growth to duration of heat stress in an ovine model of placental insufficiency

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Intrauterine growth retardation at term: association between anthropometric and endocrine parameters

Díaz, A. N., Villar, J. R., Matorras, R., & Ruiz, P. L. V. (1996) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/00016349609033303 · Cited by 99

Tie-2 and angiopoietin-2 expression at the fetal-maternal interface: a receptor ligand model for vascular remodelling

Goldman‐Wohl, D., Ariel, I., Greenfield, C., Lavy, Y., & Yagel, S. (2000) · Molecular Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/6.1.81 · Cited by 98

Human Cytotrophoblast Expression of the von Hippel–Lindau Protein Is Downregulated during Uterine Invasion in Situ and Upregulated by Hypoxia in Vitro

Genbačev, O., Krtolica, A., Kaelin, W. G., & Fisher, S. J. (2001) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.2001.0231 · Cited by 87

Placental Development in the Sheep and its Relation to Fetal Development: A qualitative and quantitative anatomic and histologic study

Stegeman, J. H. J. (1974) · Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde · doi:10.1163/26660644-04401002 · Cited by 83

Placental transport of threonine and its utilization in the normal and growth-restricted fetus

Anderson, A., Fennessey, P. V., Meschia, G., Wilkening, R. B., & Battaglia, F. C. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.5.e892 · Cited by 80

Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, KDR, in human placenta.

Vučković, M., Ponting, J., Terman, B. I., et al. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 76

Term ovine placental vasculature: Comparison of sea level and high altitude conditions by corrosion cast and histomorphometry

Krebsa, C., Longob, L. D., & Leiser, R. (1997) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(97)90070-9 · Cited by 71

Altered arterial concentrations of placental hormones during maximal placental growth in a model of placental insufficiency

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Localization of mRNA for Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Human Placenta

Shams, M., & Ahmed, A. (1994) · Growth Factors · doi:10.3109/08977199409001052 · Cited by 57

Effects on the rate of increase in fetal girth of refeeding ewes after short periods of severe undernutrition during late pregnancy

Mellor, D. J., & Murray, L. (1982) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32399-3 · Cited by 56

Expression of VEGF-C and activation of its receptors VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in trophoblast.

Dunk, C., & Ahmed, A. (2001) · PubMed · doi:10.14670/hh-16.359 · Cited by 52

Localisation of Hepatocyte Growth Factor and its Receptor (c-met) Protein and mRNA in Human Term Placenta

Kilby, M. D., Afford, S. C., Li, X. F., Strain, A. J., Ahmed, A., & Whittle, M. J. (1996) · Growth Factors · doi:10.3109/08977199609034573 · Cited by 47

Doppler velocimetry of growth-restricted fetuses in an ovine model of placental insufficiency

Galan, H. L., Hussey, M. J., Chung, M., Chyu, J. K., Hobbins, J. C., & Battaglia, F. C. (1998) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70419-3 · Cited by 35

Cotyledon and binucleate cell nitric oxide synthase expression in an ovine model of fetal growth restriction

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Fetal microcirculation of abnormal human placenta I. Scanning electron microscopy of placental vascular casts from small for gestational age fetus

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