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The Menstrual Cycle and Exercise: Performance, Muscle Glycogen, and Substrate Responses
Abstract
Six eumenorrheic females (age = 26.3 +/- 2.4 yrs; X +/- SE) exercised until exhaustion (EE; 70% VO2max) at the midluteal (LP, 7-8 days after ovulation) and midfollicular (FP, days 7-8) phases of their menstrual cycles. Phases were confirmed by estradiol and progesterone concentrations. Each EE test was preceded by a depletion exercise bout (DE; 90 min, 60% VO2max and 4 x 1 min, 100% VO2max) and 3 days of rest/diet control. Muscle biopsies 1% (vastus lateralis) were taken post-DE, pre-EE, and post-EE and then analyzed for glycogen content. There was a strong tendency (P less than 0.07) for EE duration to be greater during LP (139.2 +/- 14.9 min) than FP (126 +/- 17.5 min). Glycogen repletion (pre-EE minus post-DE) following DE was greater (P = 0.05) during the LP than FP (88.2 +/- 4.7 vs 72.8 +/- 5.7 mumol/g w. w. muscle). However, EE glycogen utilization (pre-EE minus post-EE/EE time) did not differ between phases (LP = 0.41 +/- 0.08 mumol/g w. w. muscle/min vs FP = 0.33 +/- 0.11 mumol/g w. w. muscle/min; P = 0.17). The results suggest that exercise performance and muscle glycogen content are enhanced during the LP of the menstrual cycle. These findings imply athletic performance may be affected by the phases of the menstrual cycle.
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“metabolic perturbations of exercise are still evident 21 hours after 60–90 min of low to moderate intensity exercise in men but are no longer apparent after 3 hours in women [155,172,215].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [215]
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Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Exercise Performance
de Jonge, X. J. (2003) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200333110-00004 · Cited by 488
Association Between the Menstrual Cycle and Anterior CruciateLigament Injuries in Female Athletes
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Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery
Burke, L. M., Kiens, B., & Ivy, J. L. (2004) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/0264041031000140527 · Cited by 416
“There is some evidence that the menstrual status of female athletes affects glycogen storage, with greater storage of glycogen occurring during the luteal phase rather than the follicular phase (Nicklas et al., 1989; Hackney et al., 1994).”
BackgroundOosthuyse, T., & Bosch, A. N. (2010) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11317090-000000000-00000 · Cited by 380
Changes in muscle strength, relaxation rate and fatiguability during the human menstrual cycle.
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The Menstrual Cycle and Sport Performance
Constantini, N., Dubnov‐Raz, G., & Lebrun, C. M. (2005) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2005.01.003 · Cited by 301
“An improvement has been reported during the luteal phase, in association with increased muscle glycogen [33,34] or diminished blood lactate (the balance of lactate produced by working muscles, against what is cleared or metabolized) [59].”
BackgroundCarbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and women
Tarnopolsky, M. A., Atkinson, S. A., Phillips, S. M., & MacDougall, J. D. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.78.4.1360 · Cited by 278
Training-induced alterations of carbohydrate metabolism in women: women respond differently from men
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“However, not all investigators have been able to demonstrate differences related to cycle phase, and there is still debate on whether there are menstrual variations in athletic performance (13, 31, 37).”
Sims, S. T., & Heather, A. K. (2018) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep086797 · Cited by 211
Devries, M. C., Hamadeh, M. J., Phillips, S. M., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00700.2005 · Cited by 219
Glucose kinetics and substrate oxidation during exercise in the follicular and luteal phases
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The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Elite Athlete Performance: A Critical and Systematic Review
Meignié, A., Duclos, M., Carling, C., Orhant, E., Provost, P., Toussaint, J., & Antero, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.654585 · Cited by 200
The effects of menstrual cycle phase on physical performance in female soccer players
Julian, R., Hecksteden, A., Fullagar, H. H. K., & Meyer, T. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173951 · Cited by 189
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Campbell, S. E., Angus, D. J., & Febbraio, M. A. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.4.e817 · Cited by 165
“Conversely, a number of studies have found that menstrual cycle phase does indeed affect hormonal and metabolic response to exercise (16, 19, 26, 29), particularly in a carbohydrate (CHO)-depleted nutritional state (4, 25).”
BackgroundD’Souza, A. C., Wageh, M., Williams, J. S., Colenso‐Semple, L. M., McCarthy, D. G., McKay, A. K. A., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Burke, L. M., Parise, G., MacDonald, M. J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00346.2023 · Cited by 178
Gender differences in carbohydrate loading are related to energy intake
Tarnopolsky, M. A., Zawada, C., Richmond, L. B., Carter, S., Shearer, J., Graham, T., & Phillips, S. M. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.225 · Cited by 138
“We specifically tested each of our women in the midfollicular phase of the menstrual cycle to control for the potential variance introduced by the differential rates of glycogen storage seen between the phases (16).”
BackgroundMethodHorton, T. J., Miller, E. K., Glueck, D. H., & Tench, K. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00238.2001 · Cited by 136
“follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (10, 18, 40, 57), although this has not always been ob-”
BackgroundLebrun, C. M. (1993) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199316060-00005 · Cited by 135
Endogenous Anabolic Hormone Responses to Endurance Versus Resistance Exercise and Training in Women
Consitt, L. A., Copeland, J. L., & Tremblay, M. S. (2002) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200232010-00001 · Cited by 124
“was observed during both the follicular and luteal phases and similar to endurance findings,[47,68] a”
BackgroundResultInfluentialExercise V˙ e and physical performance at altitude are not affected by menstrual cycle phase
Beidleman, B. A., Rock, P. B., Muza, S. R., Fulco, C. S., Forte, V., & Cymerman, A. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.5.1519 · Cited by 118
“Reasons for discrepant findings between studies concerning submaximal exercise performance may have to do with 1) the fitness level of subjects (41), 2) the large variability associated with the measurement of endurance-exercise performance (23), and 3) varying submaximal intensities used to measure enduranceexercise…”
InfluentialHormonal and metabolic responses to exercise across time of day and menstrual cycle phase
Galliven, E. A., Singh, A., Michelson, D., Bina, S., Gold, P. W., & Deuster, P. A. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.1822 · Cited by 116
“In summary, most prior investigations report no effect of menstrual cycle phase on the metabolic (2, 21, 26) or hormonal (2, 13, 20) responses to exercise.”
BackgroundSex Differences in Respiratory Exercise Physiology
Sheel, A. W., Richards, J. C., Foster, G. E., & Guenette, J. A. (2004) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200434090-00002 · Cited by 115
Menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive effects on triglyceride mobilization during exercise
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“Although there are some gender differences (19, 20, 25, 35, 40) in substrate metabolism during prolonged exercise, there appear to be only small differences due to the endogenous ovarian hormone fluctuations across the normal menstrual cycle (3, 6, 11, 17, 21, 22, 29, 31, 34, 42), with many investigations reporting no…”
Effects of estradiol on substrate turnover during exercise in amenorrheic females
RUBY, B. C., ROBERGS, R. A., WATERS, D. L., BURGE, M., MERMIER, C., & STOLARCZYK, L. (1997) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199709000-00007 · Cited by 108
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Wohlgemuth, K. J., Arieta, L. R., Brewer, G. J., Hoselton, A. L., Gould, L. M., & Smith-Ryan, A. E. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00422-8 · Cited by 111
“One study assessed time to exhaustion (TTE), a proxy for endurance performance, following glycogen depletion exercise during their follicular and luteal phases, and found that exercise in the luteal phase produced a 10% longer TTE and was associated with greater glycogen repletion [37].”
BackgroundMENSTRUAL CYCLE, CONTRACEPTION, AND PERFORMANCE
Frankovich, R. J., & Lebrun, C. M. (2000) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70202-7 · Cited by 108
Influence of the menstrual cycle phase and menstrual symptoms on maximal anaerobic performance
Giacomoni, M., BERNARD, T., Gavarry, O., Altare, S., & Falgairette, G. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200002000-00034 · Cited by 108
Dietary carbohydrate, muscle glycogen content, and endurance performance in well-trained women
Walker, J. L., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., Hultman, E., & Spriet, L. L. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2151 · Cited by 105
“(24) measured muscle glycogen content after a bout of depleting exercise and again after 3 days of rest and a controlled diet (,56% CHO) in both menstrual phases in moderately trained women (V̇O2max 44.”
BackgroundGender differences in metabolism; nutrition and supplements
Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(00)80038-9 · Cited by 105
Mattu, A. T., Iannetta, D., MacInnis, M. J., Doyle–Baker, P. K., & Murias, J. M. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13590 · Cited by 103
Altemus, M. M., Roca, C., Galliven, E., Romanos, C., & Deuster, P. A. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.6.7596 · Cited by 110
“in glucose levels across the menstrual cycle (19, 26).”
Sex Steroid Metabolism and Menstrual Irregularities in the Exercising Female
Crée, C. D. (1998) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199825060-00003 · Cited by 104
Effect of menstrual cycle phase on carbohydrate supplementation during prolonged exercise to fatigue
Bailey, S. P., Zacher, C. M., & Mittleman, K. D. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.690 · Cited by 99
“Similarly, Nicklas and colleagues (32) observed a small”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFat metabolism and acute resistance exercise in trained men
Ormsbee, M. J., Thyfault, J. P., Johnson, E. A., Kraus, R. M., Choi, M. D., & Hickner, R. C. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00704.2006 · Cited by 99
Can Estrogens Diminish Exercise Induced Muscle Damage?
Tiidus, P. M. (1995) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h95-002 · Cited by 98
The Effect of the Phase of the Menstrual Cycle and the Birth Control Pill on Athletic Performance
Lebrun, C. M. (1994) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0278-5919(20)30339-2 · Cited by 94
International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete
Sims, S. T., Kerksick, C. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., Hirsch, K. R., Arent, S. M., Hewlings, S. J., Kleiner, S. M., Bustillo, E., Tartar, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2204066 · Cited by 129
“moderately trained eumenorrheic women, suggesting an ovarian hormone influence on muscle glycogen resynthesis [216].”
BackgroundInfluence of oestrogen on muscle glycogen utilization during exercise
Hackney (1999) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1999.00605.x · Cited by 88
Special concerns of the female athlete
Ireland, M. L., & Ott, S. M. (2004) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2004.04.003 · Cited by 83
Carter, S., McKenzie, S., Mourtzakis, M., Mahoney, D. J., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.1.139 · Cited by 81
“In the study by Ruby and colleagues, the increase in plasma E2 was ;60% (approximately follicular concentration) (23), yet it was .”
BackgroundLuteal and follicular glucose fluxes during rest and exercise in 3-h postabsorptive women
Suh, S., Casazza, G. A., Horning, M. A., Miller, B. F., & Brooks, G. A. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01080.2001 · Cited by 80
Devries, M. C., Hamadeh, M. J., Graham, T. E., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0926 · Cited by 77
Carbohydrate Loading and Female Endurance Athletes: Effect of Menstrual-Cycle Phase
McLay, R. T., Thomson, C. D., Williams, S. M., & Rehrer, N. J. (2007) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.2.189 · Cited by 76
“Nicklas et al. (20) found greater repletion of [glyc] during the ML phase than during the MF phase (88.2 vs. 72.8 µ mol/g wet muscle) after depletion exercise and 3 d on a diet with a carbohydrate content (~56”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of the menstrual cycle phase on the blood lactate responses to exercise
McCracken, M. A., Ainsworth, B. E., & Hackney, A. C. (1994) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00609412 · Cited by 73
“Additionally, relative to submaximal exercise, lipid mobilization and oxidation also seem to be elevated during the luteal phase (Hackney et al. 1991; Nicklas et al. 1989).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSubstrate metabolism during exercise: Sexual dimorphism and women’s specificities
Boisseau, N., & Isacco, L. (2022) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1943713 · Cited by 70
Oosthuyse, T., Strauss, J. A., & Hackney, A. C. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-05090-3 · Cited by 70
Self-citationHackney, A. C., Curley, C. S., & Nicklas, B. J. (1991) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00277.x · Cited by 66
Self-citationWitvrouwen, I., Craenenbroeck, E. M. V., Abreu, A., Moholdt, T. T., & Kränkel, N. (2019) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487319838221 · Cited by 63
Gender Differences in Substrate Utilisation During Exercise
Ruby, B. C., & Robergs, R. A. (1994) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199417060-00005 · Cited by 67
Gender differences in whole-body fat oxidation kinetics during exercise
Chenevière, X., Borrani, F., Sangsue, D., Gojanovic, B., & Malatesta, D. (2011) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h10-086 · Cited by 63
“2004), others have suggested that during moderate-intensity exercise, women have higher lipid utilization (Nicklas et al. 1989; Campbell et al. 2001; Zderic et al. 2001) and a lesser reliance on carbohydrate (CHO) (Devries et al.”
Effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on intermittent exercise
Lynch, N. J., & Nimmo, M. A. (1998) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050462 · Cited by 62
“Irrespective of the exercise protocol employed, the literature reports that HR, both at rest and during exercise, is not aected by menstrual phase (Jurkowski et al. 1981; Dombovy et al. 1987; Nicklas et al. 1989; Lebrun et al. 1995) or OC agent administration (Lebrun 1994).”
InfluentialFuelling the female athlete: Carbohydrate and protein recommendations
Moore, D. R., Sygo, J., & Morton, J. P. (2022) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1922508 · Cited by 60
“Consider that glycogen storage may be reduced in the follicular phase (Hackney, 1990; McLay et al., 2007; Nicklas et al., 1989) and that CHO intake during this early post-exercise period may be even more crucial to optimise glycogen storage in accordance with the timescale of the next training session or competitive e…”
BackgroundInfluentialMenstrual Cycle Hormonal Changes and Energy Substrate Metabolism in Exercising Women: A Perspective
Hackney, A. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910024 · Cited by 61
Self-citationHormone Responses to Resistance vs. Endurance Exercise in Premenopausal Females
Consitt, L. A., Copeland, J. L., & Tremblay, M. S. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h01-032 · Cited by 60
Impact of menstrual cycle phase on the exercise status of young, sedentary women
Redman, L. M., SCROOP, G. C., & Norman, R. J. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0889-0 · Cited by 59
“Maximal or peak oxygen uptake (V _O2maxor V _O2peak), a critical determinant of exercise capacity, appears to be independent of menstrual cycle phase (De Souza et al. 1989; Nicklas et al. 1989; Bemben et al. 1995; Beidleman et al. 1999) although higher values have been reported in the FP (Schoene et al. 1981; Lebrun e…”
BackgroundGender Differences in Carbohydrate Metabolism and Carbohydrate Loading
Wismann, J., & Willoughby, D. (2006) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-3-1-28 · Cited by 58
Evaluation of the applicability of HRT as a preservative of muscle strength in women
Meeuwsen, I. B., Samson, M. M., & Verhaar, H. J. (2000) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/s0378-5122(00)00132-8 · Cited by 57
“[50] Nicklas BJ, Hackney AC, Sharp RL.”
BackgroundThe Physiology of the Highly Trained Female Endurance Runner
Burrows, M., & Bird, S. R. (2000) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200030040-00004 · Cited by 57
“,[34] and Lebrun[110] who all reported an increased fat oxidation during the luteal phase, which could possibly aid endurance performance of the faster endurance events, such as 1500m, because of decreased blood lactate accumulation.”
BackgroundNo effect of menstrual cycle phase on fuel oxidation during exercise in rowers
Vaiksaar, S., Jürimäe, J., Mäestu, J., Purge, P., Kalytka, S., Шахліна, Л., & Jürimäe, T. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1730-1 · Cited by 57
“2002), and blood lactate (De Souza et al. 1990; Devries et al. 2006; Horton et al. 2002; Nicklas et al. 1989) concentrations due to the ovarian hormone variations during menstrual cycle.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEffects of menstrual phase on performance and recovery in intense intermittent activity
Middleton, L. E., & Wenger, H. A. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0073-9 · Cited by 55
Menstrual Cycle Effects on Exercise-Induced Fatigability
Pereira, H. M., Larson, R. D., & Bemben, D. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00517 · Cited by 69
Wingfield, H. L., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Melvin, M. N., Roelofs, E. J., Trexler, E. T., Hackney, A. C., Weaver, M. A., & Ryan, E. D. (2015) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-015-0010-3 · Cited by 57
“It is important to examine the menstrual cycle due to the effects estrogen may have on energy substrate utilization, as the mid-luteal phase is characterized by high estrogen levels, which can enhance lipid utilization with exercise in women [19,33].”
Self-citationCycling time trial performance during different phases of the menstrual cycle
Oosthuyse, T., Bosch, A. N., & Jackson, S. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-1324-5 · Cited by 52
“In the current study, heart rate and ventilation rate during exercise remained unaltered by menstrual phase as is also reported by most previous studies (Beidleman et al. 1999; Bemben et al. 1995; Hackney et al. 1991; Jurkowski et al. 1981; Lebrun et al. 1995; Nicklas et al. 1989).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialOral Contraceptive Phase Has no Effect on Endurance Test
Rechichi, C., Dawson, B., & Goodman, C. (2008) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-965334 · Cited by 47
“No other studies have reported an increased lactate production during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle or within an OC cycle, although many studies have demonstrated no difference (3,5,6,22).”
BackgroundPhysical Activity, Fat Balance, and Energy Balance
Hill, J. O., & Commerford, R. (1996) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition · doi:10.1123/ijsn.6.2.80 · Cited by 49
Effects of Female Reproductive Hormones on Sports Performance
Lebrun, C. M., Joyce, S., & Constantini, N. (2013) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-314-5_16 · Cited by 49
Gordon, D. A., Scruton, A., Barnes, R., Baker, J., Prado, L. S., & Merzbach, V. (2017) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12469 · Cited by 45
“metabolism’ enhancement during LUT for both muscle glycogen retention and concentration (Nicklas et al., 1989); however, of note was the non-significant change in muscle”
BackgroundResultEstrogen and Substrate Metabolism
Ashley, C. D., Kramer, M. L., & Bishop, P. A. (2000) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200029040-00001 · Cited by 42
KUIKMAN, M. A., SMITH, E. S., MCKAY, A. K. A., ACKERMAN, K. E., HARRIS, R., ELLIOTT-SALE, K. J., STELLINGWERFF, T., & BURKE, L. M. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003056 · Cited by 40
“Here, there is evidence that resting glycogen concentrations (33) or glycogen repletion rates (34) are higher in the luteal versus follicular phases, although the findings and their implications are unclear.”
BackgroundHackney, A. C., Muoio, D., & Meyer, W. R. (2000) · The Japanese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.50.489 · Cited by 38
Self-citationSubstrate oxidation is altered in women during exercise upon acute altitude exposure
Beidleman, B. A., Rock, P. B., Muza, S. R., Fulco, C. S., GIBSON, L. L., Kamimori, G. H., & Cymerman, A. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200203000-00008 · Cited by 38
Sex Differences in Energy Metabolism: A Female-Oriented Discussion
Sanchez, B. N., Volek, J. S., Kraemer, W. J., Sáenz, C., & Maresh, C. M. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02063-8 · Cited by 39
“The use of percutaneous muscle biopsies to determine muscle glycogen content also pointed toward a tendency to store more glycogen in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase [16, 34].”
InfluentialMenstrual Cycle Effects on Perceived Exertion and Pain During Exercise Among Sedentary Women
Hooper, A. E. C., Bryan, A. D., & Eaton, M. (2011) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2042 · Cited by 43
“13 17 The inconclusive findings could be a result of the use of small samples of highly active women (typically 8–10 women), which are limited in their power to detect psychological effects.”
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Self-citationCaffeine: Implications for Alertness in Athletes
Rogers, N. L., & Dinges, D. F. (2005) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2004.12.012 · Cited by 35
Igonin, P.-H., Rogowski, I., Boisseau, N., & Martin, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084465 · Cited by 34
“After a glycogen depletion session (90 min cycling at 60% of VO2max followed by four 1-min sprints at 100% VO2max), muscle glycogen content remains higher during the luteal than follicular phase [40].”
MethodType 1 Diabetes and the Menstrual Cycle: Where/How Does Exercise Fit in?
Toor, S., Yardley, J. E., & Momeni, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042772 · Cited by 33
“As for muscle glycogen use, it seems that although there may not be a significant difference between menstrual cycle phases in response to aerobic exercise [53], anaerobic/highintensity exercise may elicit a difference in muscle glycogen use between the two phases.”
BackgroundHolschen, J. C. (2004) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000140124.83000.40 · Cited by 33
Manipulating Resistance Training Program Variables to Optimize Maximum Strength in Men: A Review
TAN, B. (1999) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-199908000-00019 · Cited by 154
The Latest on Carbohydrate Loading: A Practical Approach
Sedlock, D. A. (2008) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e31817ef9cb · Cited by 32
Gurd, B. J., Scheid, J. L., Paterson, D. H., & Kowalchuk, J. M. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0505-9 · Cited by 31
“…of no differences in the plasma lactate– concentration within the two phases of the menstrual cycle is in agreement with some (Bonen et al. 1983; Nicklas et al. 1989; Dean et al. 2003) but not all (Jurkowski et al. 1981; Lavoie et al. 1987; McCracken et al. 1994; Galliven et al. 1997) studies…”
Willett, H. N., Koltun, K. J., & Hackney, A. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18137209 · Cited by 29
“These findings agree with that of previous studies [8,9].”
ResultSelf-citationEffect of a Synthetic Progestin on the Exercise Status of Sedentary Young Women
Redman, L. M., SCROOP, G. C., Westlander, G., & Norman, R. J. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2401 · Cited by 28
Taipale, R. S., Raitanen, A., Hackney, A. C., Solli, G. S., Valtonen, M., Peltonen, H., McGawley, K., Kyröläinen, H., & Ihalainen, J. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.761760 · Cited by 27
Self-citationSchlie, J., Krassowski, V., & Schmidt, A. (2025) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00223.2025 · Cited by 28
Considerations for Sex-Cognizant Research in Exercise Biology and Medicine
O’Bryan, S. M., Connor, K. R., Drummer, D. J., Lavin, K. M., & Bamman, M. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.903992 · Cited by 25
“, 2005), leading to estrogenmediated signaling that results in increased ability to store glycogen in muscle while increasing free fatty acid availability and use through upregulation of oxidative pathways (Nicklas et al., 1989; Hackney, 1990; Sims and Heather, 2018).”
BackgroundMenstrual cycle, exercise and health
Dawson, E. A., & Reilly, T. (2008) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291010802067213 · Cited by 25
“Nicklas et al. (1989) found that although glycogen utilisation was not affected by menstrual cycle phase, glycogen Phases are early follicular (low estrogen and progesterone), midfollicular (elevated estrogen and low progesterone), and midluteal (elevated estrogen and progesterone); OC indicates…”
BackgroundŠtefanovský, M., Péterová, A., Vanderka, M., & Lengvarský, L. (2016) · Acta Gymnica · doi:10.5507/ag.2016.015 · Cited by 24
Manual handling performance: the effects of menstrual cycle phase
Birch, K. M., & Reilly, T. P. (1999) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/001401399184974 · Cited by 23
Evaluation of gender differences in physiology: an introduction
Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Saris, W. H. M. (2001) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/00075197-200111000-00004 · Cited by 23
Fat metabolism and acute resistance exercise in trained women
Allman, B. R., Morrissey, M. C., Kim, J., Panton, L. B., Contreras, R. J., Hickner, R. C., & Ormsbee, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00752.2018 · Cited by 22
Ghazel, N., Souissi, A., Chtourou, H., et al. (2020) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2020.1860045 · Cited by 21
“It has been suggested that MCP does not influence muscle glycogen intake during a short period of intense exercise (Nicklas et al., 1989).”
BackgroundWilliams, J. S., Stone, J. C., Masood, Z., Bostad, W., Gibala, M. J., & MacDonald, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00111.2023 · Cited by 23
Botcazou, M., Gratas‐Delamarche, A., Allain, S., Jacob, C., Bentué‐Ferrer, D., Delamarche, P., & Zouhal, H. (2006) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h06-038 · Cited by 21
Substrate utilization during exercise in postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy
Johnson, L., Kraemer, R., Kraemer, G., Haltom, R., Cordill, A., A.Welsch, M., Durand, R., & Castracane, D. (2002) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0686-1 · Cited by 20
“Two studies have reported that a glycogen-sparing effect in muscle (Hackney 1990) and lower R values (Nicklas et al. 1989) occur during the luteal phase when estrogen concentrations are high compared to the follicular phase when they are lower.”
BackgroundDelp, M., Chesbro, G. A., Pribble, B. A., Miller, R. M., Pereira, H. M., Black, C. D., & Larson, R. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1297242 · Cited by 19
Short-term training attenuates muscle TCA cycle expansion during exercise in women
Dawson, K. D., Howarth, K. R., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Wong, N. D., & Gibala, M. J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01118.2002 · Cited by 19
“Similarly, studies that have directly examined the effect of menstrual cycle phase on muscle glycogen utilization during exercise have yielded equivocal data (17, 24).”
ResultSmith, E. S., McCormick, R., McKay, A. K. A., Ackerman, K. E., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Stellingwerff, T., Harris, R., & Burke, L. M. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003587 · Cited by 20
“Indeed, most studies of performance across the MC are undertaken in a controlled laboratory environment (16,17), in which participants are often blinded, fasted, and lack real-world motivation to perform.”
Sex Hormones and Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise
Isacco, L., & Boisseau, N. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44558-8_3 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Nicklas, B., Hackney, A., & Sharp, R.
- Affiliations
- Iowa State University (US)
- ORCID
- Sharp, R.
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 1989-08
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 264-269
- ISSN
- 0172-4622 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-3964
- OpenAlex
- W1975400802
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, exercise performance, muscle glycogen, glycogen repletion, glycogen utilization, luteal phase, follicular phase, exhaustive exercise, substrate metabolism, female athletes, estradiol, progesterone, vastus lateralis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Estradiol, Exercise Test, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Female, Glycogen, Heart Rate, Humans, Lactates, Menstrual Cycle, Muscles, Oxygen Consumption, Progesterone, Exercise, Lactic Acid
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