Rules for Making Human Tumor Cells
Abstract
The apparent complexity of the genetic, biochemical, and physiological changes in cancer cells threatens to stall the elucidation of the origins of cancer and the development of new treatments for malignant diseases. The authors propose a considerably simplified scheme in which only five alterations are required to transform cells from a normal to a malignant phenotype.
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Cellular senescence provides an important brake to human cell transformation in cell culture.
“Although cellular senescence provides an important brake to human cell transformation in cell culture (Hahn and Weinberg, 2002)”
From Rb-mediated heterochromatin formation and silencing of E2F target genes during cellular senescence (2003) · cites this paper as Hahn and Weinberg, 2002
Early evidence for PP2A as a tumor suppressor came from studies showing that PP2A inhibitors caused tumors in mice and that SV40 small t antigen, which disrupts PP2A holoenzymes, was oncogenic.
“Early support for a role of PP2A as a tumor suppressor came from studies demonstrating that okadaic acid and other potent toxins that inhibit PP2A caused tumors in mice and the observation that the small t antigen of SV40, which disrupts PP2A holoenzymes, was oncogenic (reviewed in Hahn and Weinberg, 2002; Kurimchak and Graña, 2013).”
From PP2A holoenzymes, substrate specificity driving cellular functions and deregulation in cancer (2019) · cites this paper as Hahn and Weinberg, 2002
The tumor suppressive role of specific PP2A complexes had been inferred from okadaic acid experiments, in vitro transformation assays, and clinical data, but convincing in vivo data were lacking for some time.
“Although the tumor suppressive role of specific PP2A complexes had already been inferred for a relatively long time, from experiments with the tumor promotor and pharmacologic PP2A inhibitor okadaic acid [100], from in vitro cell transformation assays in a large variety of epithelial cells [101], and from a plethora of clinical data supporting PP2A dysfunction in many different cancer types [5,102”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [101]
Cellular transformation is a multistep process requiring acquisition of activated oncogenes and loss of tumor-suppressor genes, leading to usurpation of cellular signaling pathways controlling proliferation, survival, and metabolism.
“Cellular transformation is a multistep process requiring acquisition of activated oncogenes and loss of tumor-suppressor genes, leading to usurpation of cellular signaling pathways controlling proliferation, survival, and metabolism 65, 66.”
From Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate cellular signaling and dictate biological outcomes (2010) · cites this paper as [65]
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- Authors
- Hahn, W. C., & Weinberg, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2002-11-14
- Volume
- 347
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 1593-1603
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W1997813173
- Cited by
- 951
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 5.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (K01CA094223, R01CA078461)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Keywords
- human cancer cells, cell transformation, malignant phenotype, tumor origin, cancer therapy, oncogenic alterations
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Humans, Neoplasms, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Phenotype, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Genome, Gene Silencing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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