Cited by 951Cancer-related Molecular PathwaysCancer Cells and MetastasisCancer Genomics and Diagnostics

Rules for Making Human Tumor Cells

Hahn, William C., Weinberg, Robert A.·2002·New England Journal of Medicine

Abstract

The apparent complexity of the genetic, biochemical, and physiological changes in cancer cells threatens to stall the elucidation of the origins of cancer and the development of new treatments for malignant diseases. The authors propose a considerably simplified scheme in which only five alterations are required to transform cells from a normal to a malignant phenotype.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1056/nejmra021902

Cites

122 of 122 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Cellular senescence provides an important brake to human cell transformation in cell culture.

    “Although cellular senescence provides an important brake to human cell transformation in cell culture (Hahn and Weinberg, 2002)”
  • Early evidence for PP2A as a tumor suppressor came from studies showing that PP2A inhibitors caused tumors in mice and that SV40 small t antigen, which disrupts PP2A holoenzymes, was oncogenic.

    “Early support for a role of PP2A as a tumor suppressor came from studies demonstrating that okadaic acid and other potent toxins that inhibit PP2A caused tumors in mice and the observation that the small t antigen of SV40, which disrupts PP2A holoenzymes, was oncogenic (reviewed in Hahn and Weinberg, 2002; Kurimchak and Graña, 2013).”
  • The tumor suppressive role of specific PP2A complexes had been inferred from okadaic acid experiments, in vitro transformation assays, and clinical data, but convincing in vivo data were lacking for some time.

    “Although the tumor suppressive role of specific PP2A complexes had already been inferred for a relatively long time, from experiments with the tumor promotor and pharmacologic PP2A inhibitor okadaic acid [100], from in vitro cell transformation assays in a large variety of epithelial cells [101], and from a plethora of clinical data supporting PP2A dysfunction in many different cancer types [5,102”
  • Cellular transformation is a multistep process requiring acquisition of activated oncogenes and loss of tumor-suppressor genes, leading to usurpation of cellular signaling pathways controlling proliferation, survival, and metabolism.

    “Cellular transformation is a multistep process requiring acquisition of activated oncogenes and loss of tumor-suppressor genes, leading to usurpation of cellular signaling pathways controlling proliferation, survival, and metabolism 65, 66.”

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Authors
Hahn, W. C., & Weinberg, R. A.
Affiliations
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
  • Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (US)
Venue
New England Journal of Medicine
Published
2002-11-14
Volume
347
Issue
20
Pages
1593-1603
ISSN
  • 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
  • 1533-4406
OpenAlex
W1997813173
Cited by
951
References
122
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 50
FWCI
5.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Cancer Institute (K01CA094223, R01CA078461)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
Keywords
human cancer cells, cell transformation, malignant phenotype, tumor origin, cancer therapy, oncogenic alterations
MeSH terms
Animals, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Humans, Neoplasms, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Phenotype, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Genome, Gene Silencing

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