Temporally-independent functional modes of spontaneous brain activity
Open accessAbstract
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has become a powerful tool for the study of functional networks in the brain. Even "at rest," the brain's different functional networks spontaneously fluctuate in their activity level; each network's spatial extent can therefore be mapped by finding temporal correlations between its different subregions. Current correlation-based approaches measure the average functional connectivity between regions, but this average is less meaningful for regions that are part of multiple networks; one ideally wants a network model that explicitly allows overlap, for example, allowing a region's activity pattern to reflect one network's activity some of the time, and another network's activity at other times. However, even those approaches that do allow overlap have often maximized mutual spatial independence, which may be suboptimal if distinct networks have significant overlap. In this work, we identify functionally distinct networks by virtue of their temporal independence, taking advantage of the additional temporal richness available via improvements in functional magnetic resonance imaging sampling rate. We identify multiple "temporal functional modes," including several that subdivide the default-mode network (and the regions anticorrelated with it) into several functionally distinct, spatially overlapping, networks, each with its own pattern of correlations and anticorrelations. These functionally distinct modes of spontaneous brain activity are, in general, quite different from resting-state networks previously reported, and may have greater biological interpretability.
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- Authors
- Smith, S. M., Miller, K. L., Moeller, S., Xu, J., Auerbach, E. J., Woolrich, M. W., Beckmann, C. F., Jenkinson, M., Andersson, J., Glasser, M. F., Van Essen, D. C., Feinberg, D. A., Yacoub, E. S., & Ugurbil, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Advanced MRI Technologies (United States) (US)
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2012-02-07
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3131-3136
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3286957
- OpenAlex
- W2156270499
- Cited by
- 702
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 43.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (1U54MH091657)
- National Institutes of Health (5u54mh091657-05, 1u54mh091657-01, 1U54‐MH‐091657, RR08079)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/C519938/1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1U54-MH091657-01, U54-MH091657)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P30NS057091)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB000331)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR008079, P41RR08079)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- resting-state networks, spontaneous brain activity, functional connectivity, default mode network, network overlap, temporal correlation, network identification
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Motor Activity, Nerve Net, Time Factors, Visual Pathways, Reproducibility of Results
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