Functional interactions of the inferior frontal cortex during the processing of words and word-like stimuli
Open accessAbstract
The hypothesis that ventral/anterior left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) subserves semantic processing and dorsal/posterior LIFG subserves phonological processing was tested by determining the pattern of functional connectivity of these regions with regions in left occipital and temporal cortex during the processing of words and word-like stimuli. In accordance with the hypothesis, we found strong functional connectivity between activity in ventral LIFG and activity in occipital and temporal cortex only for words, and strong functional connectivity between activity in dorsal LIFG and activity in occipital and temporal cortex for words, pseudowords, and letter strings, but not for false font strings. These results demonstrate a task-dependent functional fractionation of the LIFG in terms of its functional links with posterior brain areas.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Reading pseudowords produces consistently higher activation than reading words.
“but consistently higher activation for reading pseudowords than words (Fiez et al., 1999; Bokde et al., 2001).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Bokde et al., 2001
Words increased functional coupling between left occipitotemporal cortex and left ventral inferior frontal areas associated with semantic processing while decreasing coupling between left occipitotemporal cortex and inferior frontal regions associated with phonological processing, relative to pseudowords.
“Specifically, Bokde et al. (2001) demonstrated that, relative to pseudowords, words increased the functional coupling between left occipitotemporal cortex and the left ventral inferior frontal areas associated with semantic processing while decreasing the coupling between the left occipitotemporal cortex and inferior frontal regions associated with phonological processing.”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Bokde et al., 2001
Functional areas probably include the left angular gyrus, left inferior frontal cortex, and temporal regions anterior to the VWFA.
“Although the precise projections from VWFA to systems involved in lexical, semantic and phonological processes are currently less clearly defined, functional areas probably include the left angular gyrus [52], left inferior frontal cortex [53], and temporal regions anterior to the VWFA [54].”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [53]
Cites
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798 · see citing works
Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain
Laitinen, L. (1989) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/0303-8467(89)90128-5 · Cited by 7,565 · see citing works
Baddeley, A. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1736359 · Cited by 5,258 · see citing works
Berti, A. (1992) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(92)90076-x · Cited by 4,190 · see citing works
Gazzaniga, M. S., & Bizzi, E. (2000) · Cited by 2,525 · see citing works
Functional and effective connectivity in neuroimaging: a synthesis
Friston, K. J. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460020107 · Cited by 2,452 · see citing works
The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory
Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/362342a0 · Cited by 2,230 · see citing works
Role of left inferior prefrontal cortex in retrieval of semantic knowledge: A reevaluation
Thompson‐Schill, S. L., D’Esposito, M., Aguirre, G. K., & Farah, M. J. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.26.14792 · Cited by 2,111 · see citing works
A Probabilistic Atlas of the Human Brain: Theory and Rationale for Its Development
Mazziotta, J. C., Toga, A. W., Evans, A., Fox, P. T., & Lancaster, J. L. (1995) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1995.1012 · Cited by 1,578 · see citing works
Lateralization of Phonetic and Pitch Discrimination in Speech Processing
Zatorre, R. J., Evans, A. C., Meyer, E., & GJEDDE, A. H. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1589767 · Cited by 1,507 · see citing works
Poldrack, R. A., Wagner, A. D., Prull, M. W., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0441 · Cited by 1,448 · see citing works
Human Brain Language Areas Identified by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Binder, J. R., Frost, J. A., Hammeke, T. A., Cox, R. W., Rao, S. M., & Prieto, T. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-01-00353.1997 · Cited by 1,424 · see citing works
Human temporal lobe activation by speech and nonspeech sounds
Binder, J. R. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.5.512 · Cited by 1,345 · see citing works
Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of the Processing of Singe Words
Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M. A., & Raichle, M. E. (1989) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1989.1.2.153 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
Brain Activation Modulated by Sentence Comprehension
Just, M. A., Carpenter, P. A., Keller, T. A., Eddy, W. F., & Thulborn, K. R. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5284.114 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
THE ANATOMY OF PHONOLOGICAL AND SEMANTIC PROCESSING IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
Démonet, J., Chollet, F., Ramsay, S. C., Cardebat, D., Nespoulous, J., WISE, R., Rascol, A., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1992) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/115.6.1753 · Cited by 1,145 · see citing works
Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception
Hickok, G. S., & Poeppel, D. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01463-7 · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
Brown, J. W. (1990) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199012000-00015 · Cited by 1,124 · see citing works
Principles of behavioral neurology
Mesulam, M.-M. (1985) · Davis eBooks · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Demb, J. B., Desmond, J., Wagner, A., Vaidya, C. J., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-09-05870.1995 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
The role of left prefrontal cortex in language and memory
Gabrieli, J. D. E., Poldrack, R. A., & Desmond, J. E. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.906 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
DISTRIBUTION OF CORTICAL NEURAL NETWORKS INVOLVED IN WORD COMPREHENSION AND WORD RETRIEVAL
WISE, R., Chollet, F., Hadar, U., Friston, K. J., HOFFNER, E., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/114.4.1803 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Word recognition in the human inferior temporal lobe
Nobre, A. C., Allison, T., & McCarthy, G. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372260a0 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Neuroimaging analyses of human working memory
Smith, E. E., & Jonides, J. J. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.20.12061 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Dapretto (1999) · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80855-7 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
A neural basis for the retrieval of conceptual knowledge
Tranel, D., Damásio, H., & Damásio, A. R. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00085-7 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Levelt, W. J. M. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01319-4 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Cerebral organization of component processes in reading
Pugh, K. R., Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Constable, R. T., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., Bronen, R. A., Shankweiler, D. P., Katz, L., Fletcher, J. M., et al. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.4.1221 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Functional connectivity of the angular gyrus in normal reading and dyslexia
Horwitz, B., Rumsey, J. M., & Donohue, B. C. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.15.8939 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Neurocognition of Language
Brown, C. M., & Hagoort, P. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507932.001.0001 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Demonstrating the implicit processing of visually presented words and pseudowords
Price, C. J., Wise, R. J. S., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/6.1.62 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Principles of Behavioral Neurology
Meadows, J. (1986) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.49.6.735 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Dynamics of letter string perception in the human occipitotemporal cortex
Tarkiainen, A., Helenius, P., Hansen, P. C., Cornelissen, P. L., & Salmelin, R. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.11.2119 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Jellinger, K. A. (1998) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.1998.5303195.x · Cited by 485 · see citing works
The neural substrates underlying word generation: A bilingual functional-imaging study
Klein, D., Milner, B., Zatorre, R. J., Meyer, E., & Evans, A. C. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.7.2899 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Damásio, A. R. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199202203260806 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
PET Studies of Phonetic Processing of Speech: Review, Replication, and Reanalysis
Zatorre, R. J., Meyer, E., GJEDDE, A. H., & Evans, A. C. (1996) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/6.1.21 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Phonological and orthographic components of word recognition. A PET- rCBF study
Rumsey, J. M. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.5.739 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Effects of syntactic structure and propositional number on patterns of regional cerebral blood flow
Caplan, D., Alpert, N., & Waters, G. (1998) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892998562843 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
The Processing of Single Words Studied with Positron Emission Tomography
Petersen, S. E., & Fiez, J. A. (1993) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.002453 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
The Neurocognition of Language
Green, D. W. (2001) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027//0269-8803.15.1.48a · Cited by 306 · see citing works
The neural circuitry involved in the reading of German words and pseudowords: a PET study
Hagoort, P., Indefrey, P., Brown, C., Herzog, H., Steinmetz, H., & Seitz, R. J. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892999563490 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Buckner, R. L., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1995) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.5.2163 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Effects of Syntactic Structure and Propositional Number on Patterns of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow
CaplanDavid, AlpertNathaniel, & WatersGloria (1998) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.5555/1164333.1164336 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Language: Structure, Processing, and Disorders
Caplan, D. N. (1992) · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Functional heterogeneity of left inferior frontal cortex as revealed by fMRI
Paulesu, E., Goldacre, B., Scifo, P., Cappa, S. F., Gilardi, M. C., Castiglioni, I., Perani, D., & Fazio, F. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199705260-00042 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Neural modeling, functional brain imaging, and cognition
Horwitz, B., Tagamets, M.-A., & McIntosh, A. R. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01282-6 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationA Parametric Approach to Orthographic Processing in the Brain: An fMRI Study
Tagamets, M. A., Novick, J. M., Chalmers, M. L., & Friedman, R. B. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900562101 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationHemispheric differences in neural systems for face working memory: A PET‐rCBF study
Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Horwitz, B., Rapoport, S. I., & Grady, C. L. (1995) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460030204 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationTagamets, M.-A. (1998) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/8.4.310 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural modeling and functional brain imaging: an overview
Horwitz, B., Friston, K. J., & Taylor, J. G. (2000) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(00)00062-9 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationHorwitz, B., Grady, C. L., Haxby, J. V., Schapiro, M. B., Rapoport, S. I., Ungerleider, L. G., & Mishkin, M. (1992) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1992.4.4.311 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationDisorders of Visual Recognition
Renzi, E. D. (2000) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-2000-13181 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Furey, M. L., Pietrini, P., Alexander, G. E., Schapiro, M. B., & Horwitz, B. (2000) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00219-1 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationAuditory Comprehension in Aphasia
Boller, F., Kim, Y., & Mack, J. L. (1977) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-746303-2.50007-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
PET reveals occipitotemporal pathway activation during elementary form perception in humans
Beason‐Held, L. L., Purpura, K. P., Meter, J. W. V., Azari, N. P., Mangot, D., Optican, L. M., Mentis, M. J., Alexander, G. E., Grady, C. L., Horwitz, B., et al. (1998) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523898153117 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neural architecture underlying the processing of written and spoken word forms
Price, C. J., Indefrey, P., & vanTurennout, M. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507932.003.0007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
(1998) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524113.001.0001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The specializations of the human neocortex
Passingham, R. E. (1998) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524113.003.0015 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Herbster (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1997)5:2
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Price, C. J. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.062 · Cited by 2,159 · see citing works
Left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the cognitive control of memory
Badre, D., & Wagner, A. D. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.015 · Cited by 1,471 · see citing works
The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus
McCandliss, B. D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00134-7 · Cited by 1,489 · see citing works
Bilingual language production: The neurocognition of language representation and control
Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. (2007) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2006.10.003 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
Badre, D., Poldrack, R. A., Paré-Blagoev, E. J., Insler, R. Z., & Wagner, A. D. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.07.023 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
The elusive concept of brain connectivity
Horwitz, B. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00112-5 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatiotemporal dynamics of modality-specific and supramodal word processing
Marinkovic, K., Dhond, R. P., Dale, A. M., Glessner, M., Carr, V., & Halgren, E. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00197-1 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Cohen, L. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhg079 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Levitin, D. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.08.016 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Selecting Among Competing Alternatives: Selection and Retrieval in the Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus
Moss, H. E., Abdallah, S., Fletcher, P., Bright, P., Pilgrim, L., Acres, K., & Tyler, L. K. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi049 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
From phonemes to articulatory codes: an fMRI study of the role of Broca's area in speech production
Papoutsi, M., de Zwart, J. A., Jansma, J. M., Pickering, M. J., Bednar, J. A., & Horwitz, B. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn239 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationFronto-temporal brain systems supporting spoken language comprehension
Tyler, L. K., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2158 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Jones, T. B., Bandettini, P. A., Kenworthy, L., Case, L. K., Milleville, S. C., Martin, A., & Birn, R. M. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.051 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Burton, M. W., LoCasto, P. C., Krebs-Noble, D., & Gullapalli, R. P. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.024 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Heim, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Ischebeck, A. K., Friederici, A. D., Stephan, K. E., & Amunts, K. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20512 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Functional neuroanatomy of meaning acquisition from context
Mestres-Missé, A., Càmara, E., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., Rotte, M., & Münte, T. F. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20150 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Gold, B. T., Powell, D. K., Xuan, L., Jiang, Y., & Hardy, P. A. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.011 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Dricu, M., & Frühholz, S. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.020 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Levitin, D. J., & Menon, V. (2005) · Music Perception · doi:10.1525/mp.2005.22.3.563 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Development of ventral stream representations for single letters
Turkeltaub, P. E., Flowers, D. L., Lyon, L. G., & Eden, G. F. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1416.026 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bokde, A. L. W., Tagamets, M.-A., Friedman, R. B., & Horwitz, B.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Georgetown University Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Horwitz, Barry
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-05
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 609-617
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2144692278
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 5.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD036019, R01HD36019)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- left inferior frontal gyrus, functional connectivity, semantic processing, phonological processing, word processing, pseudowords, letter strings, occipital cortex, temporal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Language, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neurons, Occipital Lobe, Reading, Temporal Lobe
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
