Revisiting the Conceptualization, Measurement, and Generation of Interest

RENNINGER, K. ANN; HIDI, SUZANNE

doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.587723

Cited by 786Education, Achievement, and GiftednessPsychological and Educational Research StudiesLearning Styles and Cognitive Differences

Revisiting the Conceptualization, Measurement, and Generation of Interest

RENNINGER, K. ANN, HIDI, SUZANNE·2011·Educational Psychologist

DOI 10.1080/00461520.2011.587723

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Abstract

This article provides an overview of recent interest research, focusing on the conceptualization, measurement, and generation of interest. It includes work that reflects differing theoretical backgrounds, research traditions, domains, and participants. Research on interest needs to be theoretically grounded if it is to be generally applicable and inform practice. Investigators must consider their own research questions, including learners’ age and characteristics of the learning context, in relation to the range of conceptualizations in the field. Whereas researchers’ questions should drive research on interest, their conceptualization of interest should inform their choice of measures. In addition, research addressing the ways in which interest might be generated and/or supported to develop should be aligned with both the conceptualization and measurement(s) of interest.

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In research on interest and achievement emotions, a stable trait level is often distinguished from a shorter, task-dependent state level.
“In research focusing on interest and achievement emotions, for instance, a stable, so-called trait level (e.g., individual interest) is often distinguished from a shorter, taskdependent state level (e.g., situational interest) (see Hidi & Renninger, 2006;Renninger & Hidi, 2011 for interest; Pekrun, 2006 for achievement emotions).”
From Motivation-Achievement Cycles in Learning: a Literature Review and Research Agenda (2022) · cites this paper as Renninger & Hidi, 2011

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McHale, S. M., Kim, J., Dotterer, A. M., Crouter, A. C., & BOOTH, A. R. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01273.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
"I don't feel like it": The function of interest in self-regulation.
Sansone, C., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996) · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Interest and self-regulation: Relationships between two variables that influence learning
Hidi, S. E., & Ainley, M. (2008) · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self-efficacy and interest: Experimental studies of optimal incompetence
Silvia, P. J. (2003) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0001-8791(02)00013-1 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
RESEARCH REPORT
Palmer, D. A. (2004) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/0950069032000177262 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-regulation of motivation when learning online: the importance of who, why and how
Sansone, C., Fraughton, T. B., Zachary, J. L., Butner, J., & Heiner, C. (2011) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-011-9193-6 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Adolescents’ Development of Individual Interests: A Product of Multiple Goal Regulation?
Hofer, M. (2010) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2010.493469 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Development and initial validation of brief public domain RIASEC marker scales
Armstrong, P. I., Ludwikowski, W. M. A., & Rounds, J. (2008) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.06.003 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Cognition and motivation: forging an interdisciplinary perspective
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-5298 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The Career Development Quarterly
(2001) · The Career Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2001.tb00985.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Interest as a Motivational Resource: Feedback and Gender Matter, but Interest Makes the Difference
Katz, I., Assor, A., Kanat-Maymon, Y., & Bereby-Meyer, Y. (2006) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-005-2863-7 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Interest and the quality of experience in classrooms
Schiefele, U., & Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1994) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03172784 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Being and Feeling Interested
Ainley, M. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012372545-5/50010-1 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Increasing interest in social studies: Social perspective taking and self-efficacy in stimulating simulations
Gehlbach, H., Brown, S. W., Ioannou, A., Boyer, M. A., Hudson, N. F., Niv‐Solomon, A., Maneggia, D., & Janik, L. (2008) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.11.002 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Factors associated with the early emergence of intense interests within conceptual domains
Johnson, K. E., Alexander, J. M., Spencer, S. J., Leibham, M. E., & Neitzel, C. L. (2004) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2004.03.001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Role of Interest in Motivation and Learning
Collis, J. M., Messick, S. J., & Schiefele, U. (2012) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410604415-30 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Personal Excursions: Investigating the Dynamics of Student Engagement
Azevedo, F. S. (2006) · International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-006-0007-6 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Talking about interest: exploring the role of social interaction for regulating motivation and the interest experience
Thoman, D. B., Sansone, C., & Pasupathi, M. (2006) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9016-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The development of conceptual interests in young children
Alexander, J. M., Johnson, K. E., Leibham, M. E., & Kelley, K. (2008) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.11.004 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The mental development of the child
Piaget, J. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Motivation and learning in an online, unmoderated, mathematics workshop for teachers
Renninger, K. A., Cai, M., Lewis, M. C., Adams, M. M., & Ernst, K. L. (2011) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-011-9195-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effect of experimental manipulation of student motivation on the situational representation of text
Schaffner, E., & Schiefele, U. (2007) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.09.015 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Effect: a secondary principle of learning.
Āllport, G. W. (1946) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0059295 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
AUTONOMY, COMPETENCE, AND SOCIAL RELATEDNESS IN TASK INTEREST WITHIN PROJECT-BASED EDUCATION
Minnaert, A. E. M. G., Boekaerts, M., & de Brabander, C. J. (2007) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.101.2.574-586 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Domain knowledge and individual interest: The effects of academic level and specialization in statistics and psychology
Lawless, K. A., & Kulikowich, J. M. (2005) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2005.01.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Reward: Neural Circuitry for Social Valuation.
Knutson, B. D., & Wimmer, G. E. (2007) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Continuity in Young Children’s Actions: A Consideration of Interest and Temperament
Renninger, K. A., & Leckrone, T. G. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3132-5_8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
The development of males' and females' interests in science and technology
Gardner, P. L. (1998) · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Learner interest and achievement motivation
Renninger, K. A., Bachrach, J. E., & Posey, S. K. E. (2008) · Advances in motivation and achievement · doi:10.1016/s0749-7423(08)15014-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
Interest in an expository text: How does it flow from reading to writing?
Boscolo, P., Ariasi, N., Favero, L. D., & Ballarin, C. (2010) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2010.07.009 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Staying with the text: the contribution of gender, achievement orientations, and interest to students’ performance on a literacy task
Graham, J., Tisher, R., Ainley, M., & Kennedy, G. E. (2008) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410802260988 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The effects of designing Webquests on the motivation of pre-service elementary school teachers
Halat, E. (2008) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/00207390802054466 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Interest in the dynamics of task behavior: processes that link person and task in effective learning
Ainley, M. (2010) · Advances in motivation and achievement · doi:10.1108/s0749-7423(2010)000016a010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Working With And Cultivating Interest, Self-Efficacy, And Self-Regulation
Renninger, K. A. (2010) · Works - Scholarship, Research, & Creative Expression (Swarthmore College) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
Powerful learning environments
Bostock, S. J. (2005) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2005.00465_5.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Indigenous and non‐Indigenous primary school students’ attitudes on play, humour, learning and self‐concept: a comparative perspective
Lillemyr, O. F., Søbstad, F., Marder, K., & Flowerday, T. (2010) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/13502931003784396 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The psychology of social organization.
Baldwin, J. M. (1897) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0072331 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effort And Interest
Renninger, K. A. (2003) · Works - Scholarship, Research, & Creative Expression (Swarthmore College) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
AUTONOMY, COMPETENCE, AND SOCIAL RELATEDNESS IN TASK INTEREST WITHIN PROJECT-BASED EDUCATION
Minnaert, A. E. M. G. (2007) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.101.6.574-586 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Aspects de la compréhension de textes
Kintsch, W. (1982) · Bulletin de psychologie · doi:10.3406/bupsy.1982.12021 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Series E : An Initial Contribution to the Development of a Design Theory of Mathematical Interests: The Case of Statistical Data Analysis
Cobb, P., & Hodge, L. L. (2003) · Communications of Mathematical Education · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The interests of adults. I. The permanence of interests.
Thorndike, E. L. (1935) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0058840 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Aspects of Text Comprehension
Kintsch, W. (1982) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(09)60060-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Development of mathematics interest in adolescence : Quantitative and qualitative insights
Frenzel, A. C., Dicke, A., Pekrun, R. H., & Götz, T. (2009) · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Interest, motivation and attitude towards science and technology at K-12 levels: a systematic review of 12 years of educational research
Potvin, P., & Hasni, A. (2014) · Studies in Science Education · doi:10.1080/03057267.2014.881626 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Parenting for a Digital Future
Livingstone, S., & Blum‐Ross, A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874698.001.0001 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Chatbot learning partners: connecting learning experiences, interest and competence
Fryer, L. K., Nakao, K., & Thompson, A. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.023 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Stimulating and sustaining interest in a language course: An experimental comparison of Chatbot and Human task partners
Fryer, L. K., Ainley, M., Thompson, A., Gibson, A., & Sherlock, Z. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.045 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
“One widely-cited framework for understanding the development of interest is the Four-Phase Model of Interest Development (Hidi & Renninger, 2006; Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
BackgroundMethod
Effects of need supportive teaching on early adolescents’ motivation and engagement: A review of the literature
Stroet, K., Opdenakker, M., & Minnaert, A. E. M. G. (2012) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2012.11.003 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
“Interest is a cognitive and affective motivational variable that guides attention and develops through experience (Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
The Importance of Students’ Motivation for Their Academic Achievement – Replicating and Extending Previous Findings
Steinmayr, R., Weidinger, A. F., Schwinger, M., & Spinath, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01730 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
“It might be interesting to replicate the findings with other motivation constructs such as academic self-efficacy (Pajares, 2003), individual interest (Renninger and Hidi, 2011), or autonomous versus controlled forms of motivation (Ryan and Deci, 2000).”
Background
Benefits of taking a virtual field trip in immersive virtual reality: Evidence for the immersion principle in multimedia learning
Makransky, G., & Mayer, R. E. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-022-09675-4 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
“Recent reviews (Hidi & Renninger, 2006; Renninger & Hidi, 2011) find a positive association between interest (both situational and individual) and learning outcomes.”
Background
Making connections: Replicating and extending the utility value intervention in the classroom.
Hulleman, C. S., Kosovich, J. J., Barron, K. E., & Daniel, D. B. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000146 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
A Model of Factors Contributing to STEM Learning and Career Orientation
Nugent, G., Barker, B. S., Welch, G. W., Grandgenett, N., Wu, C., & Nelson, C. (2015) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2015.1017863 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“There is ample evidence that subject matter interest is positively related to school achievement (Renninger & Hidi, 2011; Singh et al., 2002; Wigfield & Cambria, 2010); course enrollment decisions (Dabney et al., 2012; Hulleman, Durik, Schweigert, & Harackiewiez, 2008); and science degree…”
Background
Using adaptive learning technologies to personalize instruction to student interests: The impact of relevant contexts on performance and learning outcomes
Walkington, C. A. (2013) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031882 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Process Account of Curiosity and Interest: A Reward-Learning Perspective
Murayama, K., FitzGibbon, L., & Sakaki, M. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09499-9 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
“the various operational conceptualizations of curiosity and interest that researchers have made in the literature (for reviews, Grossnickle 2014; Renninger and Hidi 2011); these operational conceptualizations can be considered as important parts of the knowledge-acquisition process, but as you will see, our framework…”
BackgroundInfluential
Adaptive Motivation and Emotion in Education
Linnenbrink‐Garcia, L., Patall, E. A., & Pekrun, R. H. (2016) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732216644450 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“Relatedly, within interest research (Renninger & Hidi, 2011), interest includes both positive feelings (e.g., enjoyment) and valuing the importance of the domain for the self.”
Background
Weaving Cultural Relevance and Achievement Motivation Into Inclusive Classroom Cultures
Kumar, R., Zusho, A., & Bondie, R. S. (2018) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2018.1432361 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
“For example, interest researchers have linked the development of personal interest to autonomy (Renninger & Hidi, 2011), whereas goal theorists have identified autonomy support to be critical to the establishment of a mastery-oriented learning environment (Turner, 2014).”
Background
Activity matters: Understanding student interest in school science
Swarat, S. L., Ortony, A., & Revelle, W. (2012) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21010 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Effect of Robotics on Elementary Preservice Teachers’ Self-Efficacy, Science Learning, and Computational Thinking
Jaipal-Jamani, K., & Angeli, C. (2016) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-016-9663-z · Cited by 287 · see citing works
“Interest has been shown to positively influence school achievement (Renninger and Hidi 2011; Wigfield and Cambria 2010) and science degree attainment (Tai et al. 2006).”
Background
Situational interest and learning: Thirst for knowledge
Rotgans, J. I., & Schmidt, H. G. (2014) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.01.002 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“Other contributions to the trigger-maintenance framework are theoretical rather than empirical in nature and suggest that a supporting (learning) environment is a key element in maintaining situational interest (Hidi & Renninger, 2006; Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
Effects of a classroom discourse intervention on teachers' practice and students' motivation to learn mathematics and science
Kiemer, K., Gröschner, A., Pehmer, A.-K., & Seidel, T. (2014) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.10.003 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“Interest is defined as a person's repeated engagement or focused attention on an object, determined by a specific relationship between person and object and shaped by interactions and the environment (Krapp, 2000; Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
A Framework for Designing Scaffolds That Improve Motivation and Cognition
Belland, B. R., Kim, C., & Hannafin, M. J. (2013) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2013.838920 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
The Effects of Problem-Based, Project-Based, and Case-Based Learning on Students’ Motivation: a Meta-Analysis
Wijnia, L., Noordzij, G., Arends, L. R., Rikers, R. M. J. P., & Loyens, S. M. M. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09864-3 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
“…learning and the duration of the exposure to problem-driven learning (at least 12 weeks or less than 12 weeks; Slavin, 2008), as task novelty and variety can trigger students’ interest (Berlyne, 1978; Renninger & Hidi, 2011), while repeated exposure to PBL can become boring (Wijnia et al., 2011).”
Teacher interests, mastery goals, and self-efficacy as predictors of instructional practices and student motivation
Schiefele, U., & Schaffner, E. (2015) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.06.005 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Motivation-Achievement Cycles in Learning: a Literature Review and Research Agenda
Vu, T., Magis-Weinberg, L., Jansen, B. R. J., van Atteveldt, N., Janssen, T. W. P., Lee, N. C., van der Maas, H. L. J., Raijmakers, M. E. J., Sachisthal, M. S. M., & Meeter, M. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09616-7 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Studying Triggers for Interest and Engagement Using Observational Methods
Renninger, K. A., & Bachrach, J. E. (2015) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2014.999920 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“Renninger and Hidi (2011) pointed out that interest has five characteristics.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
How situational is situational interest? Investigating the longitudinal structure of situational interest
Knogler, M., Harackiewicz, J. M., Gegenfurtner, A., & Lewalter, D. (2015) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.08.004 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Homo Curious: Curious or Interested?
Shin, D. D., & Kim, S. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09497-x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Longitudinal analysis of the relations between opportunities to learn about science and the development of interests related to science
Alexander, J. M., Johnson, K. E., & Kelley, K. (2012) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21018 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“As we explore more fully below, however, interests do not develop in a vacuum (cf., Hidi & Renninger, 2006; Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
Improving performance and retention in introductory biology with a utility-value intervention.
Canning, E. A., Harackiewicz, J. M., Priniski, S. J., Hecht, C. A., Tibbetts, Y., & Hyde, J. S. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000244 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“Questionnaire measures of interest typically include items that measure value as well as positive affect (Harackiewicz et al., 2008; Renninger & Hidi, 2011; Schiefele, 1991); however, given that the UV intervention targets values explicitly, we focus on affective processes in order to separate…”
Teach it, don’t preach it: The differential effects of directly-communicated and self-generated utility–value information.
Canning, E. A., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2015) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000015 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“For instance, providing UV information during the learning process might spark more ideas for the individuals to write about that they would have otherwise considered (Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
Interest development: Arousing situational interest affects the growth trajectory of individual interest
Rotgans, J. I., & Schmidt, H. G. (2017) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.02.003 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Teachers' engagement and students' satisfaction with a playful learning environment
Kangas, M., Siklander, P., Randolph, J., & Ruokamo, H. (2017) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2016.12.018 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The Nature and Power of Interests
Rounds, J., & Su, R. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414522812 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“The situational perspective, which is typically taken in studies of the effect of interests on learning and development in the classroom, may be advantageous in this pursuit (Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
Beyond utility value interventions: The why, when, and how for next steps in expectancy-value intervention research
Rosenzweig, E. Q., Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2021) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2021.1984242 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Hooked: How Politics Captures People's Interest
Prior, M. (2019) · Cited by 166 · see citing works
AI advocates and cautious critics: How AI attitudes, AI interest, use of AI, and AI literacy build university students’ AI self-efficacy.
Bewersdorff, A., Hornberger, M., Nerdel, C., & Schiff, D. S. (2025) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100340 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
How do students self-regulate? Review of Zimmerman's cyclical model of self-regulated learning
Panadero, E., & Alonso‐Tapia, J. (2014) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.6018/analesps.30.2.167221 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“On the other side, we have interest to perform a task –an emotion activated by this one (Hulleman, Durik, Schweigert & Harackiewicz, 2008; Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Method
Using augmented reality to experiment with elements in a chemistry course
Chen, S.-Y., & Liu, S.-Y. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106418 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Thirst for knowledge: The effects of curiosity and interest on memory in younger and older adults.
McGillivray, S., Murayama, K., & Castel, A. D. (2015) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0039801 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“…can help direct and sustain attention (Germain & Hess, 2007; Hidi, 1990; Isaacowitz, Wadlinger, Goren, & Wilson, 2006; Mather & Carstensen, 2003; Renninger & Hidi, 2011), and less attentional resources may be needed to process interesting material (McDaniel, Waddill, Finstad, & Bourg, 1990).”
Gendered pathways to educational aspirations: The role of academic self-concept, school burnout, achievement and interest in mathematics and reading
Korhonen, J., Tapola, A., Linnanmäki, K., & Pirjo Aunio, A. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.08.006 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Other Divide
Krupnikov, Y., & Ryan, J. B. (2022) · doi:10.1017/9781108923323 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Revisiting the Role of Rewards in Motivation and Learning: Implications of Neuroscientific Research
Hidi, S. E. (2015) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9307-5 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citation
Beyond Performance: A Motivational Experiences Model of Stereotype Threat
Thoman, D. B., Smith, J. L., Brown, E. R., Chase, J., & Lee, J. Y. K. (2013) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9219-1 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“To maintain conceptual distinctions between situational interest and career intentions that have been established by educational interest researchers (cf. Hidi and Renninger 2006; Renninger and Hidi 2011), we review those studies below in the section on career motivation and intentions.”
Background
Interest Development and Its Relation to Curiosity: Needed Neuroscientific Research
Hidi, S. E., & Renninger, K. A. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09491-3 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citation
Engaging in Science: A Feeling for the Discipline
Jaber, L. Z., & Hammer, D. (2015) · Journal of the Learning Sciences · doi:10.1080/10508406.2015.1088441 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“In a comprehensive review on recent interest research, Renninger and Hidi (2011) categorized the ways in which researchers conceptualize interest, including, for instance, the emotional aspect of interest, the development of interest, environment or task features, perceived value, and vocational…”
Background
Interest Development and Learning
Renninger, K. A., & Hidi, S. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316823279.013 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citation
Trends in research on project-based science and technology teaching and learning at K–12 levels: a systematic review
Hasni, A., Bousadra, F., Belletête, V., Benabdallah, A., Nicole, M.-C., & Dumais, N. (2016) · Studies in Science Education · doi:10.1080/03057267.2016.1226573 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Beyond quantitative decline: Conceptual shifts in adolescents' development of interest in mathematics.
Frenzel, A. C., Pekrun, R. H., Dicke, A., & Goetz, T. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026895 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Harnessing Values to Promote Motivation in Education
Harackiewicz, J. M., Tibbetts, Y., Canning, E., & Hyde, J. S. (2014) · Motivational Interventions · doi:10.1108/s0749-742320140000018002 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript as well as its continued development (Hidi & Renninger, 2006; Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Student Motivation: Current Theories, Constructs, and Interventions Within an Expectancy-Value Framework
Hulleman, C. S., Barron, K. E., Kosovich, J. J., & Lazowski, R. A. (2016) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28606-8_10 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“More recently, emerging theories of interest also propose an integrative perspective (see Renninger & Hidi, 2011 ), which deﬁ nes interest as a combination of expectancy and value (i.e., positive affect, value, and prior knowledge and competence).”
BackgroundInfluential
How Are Curiosity and Interest Different? Naïve Bayes Classification of People’s Beliefs
Donnellan, E., Aslan, S., Fastrich, G. M., & Murayama, K. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09622-9 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Triggering and maintaining interest in early phases of interest development
Renninger, K. A., Bachrach, J. E., & Hidi, S. E. (2018) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2018.11.007 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citation
Families support their children's success in science learning by influencing interest and self‐efficacy
Sha, L., Schunn, C. D., Bathgate, M., & Ben‐Eliyahu, A. (2015) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21251 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Attitudes, Interest and Factors Influencing STEM Enrolment Behaviour: An Overview of Relevant Literature
Regan, E., & DeWitt, J. (2015) · Understanding Student Participation and Choice in Science and Technology Education · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7793-4_5 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Why female science, technology, engineering, and mathematics majors do not identify with physics: They do not think others see them that way
Kalender, Z. Y., Marshman, E., Schunn, C. D., Nokes‐Malach, T. J., & Singh, C. (2019) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020148 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Social media – based collaborative learning: the effect on learning success with the moderating role of cyberstalking and cyberbullying
Al-Rahmi, W. M., Yahaya, N., Alturki, U., Alrobai, A., Aldraiweesh, A., Alsayed, A. O., & Kamin, Y. (2020) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2020.1728342 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Despite the many insights gained into interest, there is still a need for more research in this area (Potvin & Hasni, 2014; Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
Making the invisible observable by Augmented Reality in informal science education context
Salmi, H. S., Thuneberg, H., & Vainikainen, M. (2016) · International Journal of Science Education Part B · doi:10.1080/21548455.2016.1254358 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“…the most favourable learning outcomes also in relation to use of AR-technology (Antonioli, Blake, & Sparks, 2014), and on the other hand the organisation of the learning environment can spark interest before personal motivation develops (Fenichel & Schweingruber, 2010; Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
Within-person analyses of situational interest and boredom: Interactions between task-specific perceptions and achievement goals.
Tanaka, A., & Murayama, K. (2014) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036659 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“While researchers disagree whether interest is an emotion (see Silvia, 2008; Renninger & Hidi, 2011), the present study sided with those who centered on the affective component and define it as such an emotion (Ainley, 2007; Ainley & Patrick, 2006; for other possible conceptualizations of interest,…”
Supporting interest of middle school students in mathematics through context personalization and example choice
Høgheim, S., & Reber, R. (2015) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.03.006 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Supporting interest in a study domain: A longitudinal test of the interplay between interest, utility-value, and competence beliefs
Fryer, L. K., & Ainley, M. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.11.002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
To Level the Playing Field, Develop Interest
Renninger, K. A., & Hidi, S. E. (2020) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732219864705 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“We note that interest can also refer to positive feelings or emotions, value, the experience of working with a task, or the match of personal characteristics to job categories (see Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The relation between individual interest and knowledge acquisition
Rotgans, J. I., & Schmidt, H. G. (2017) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3268 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Communicating Scientific Uncertainty
Retzbach, A., & Maier, M. (2014) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650214534967 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“In general, interest can be defined as “a psychological state and a predisposition to reengage particular disciplinary content over time that develops through the interaction of the person and his or her environment” (Renninger & Hidi, 2011, p. 170).”
Background
Enhancing students’ interest in science and understandings of STEM careers: the role of career-based scenarios
Drymiotou, I., Constantinou, C. P., & Avraamidou, L. (2021) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2021.1880664 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Designing for Learning
Järvelä, S., & Renninger, K. A. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139519526.040 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citation
Validation Study of a General Subject-matter Interest Measure: The Individual Interest Questionnaire (IIQ)
Rotgans, J. I. (2015) · Health Professions Education · doi:10.1016/j.hpe.2015.11.009 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“For instance in a recent review, Renninger and Hidi 11 commented that advances in interest research are signi ﬁ cantly obstructed by different conceptualizations and operationalization of interest.”
Background
The role of interest in optimizing performance and self-regulation
O’Keefe, P. A., & Linnenbrink‐Garcia, L. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.02.004 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Although there are subtle variations in the conceptualization of individual interest, two central components that are shared across leading perspectives include affect and value (e.g., Eccles, 1983; Hidi & Renninger, 2006; Krapp, 2005; Renninger & Hidi, 2011; Schiefele, 2001, 2009).”
Estado de las estrategias de aprendizaje de estudiantes de noveno grado en un colegio público de Bucaramanga
Moreno Villarreal, R. (2019) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Hooked
Prior, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108355001 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Interest and Its Development
Renninger, K. A., & Su, S. (2012) · The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0011 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citation
Using Situational Interest to Enhance Individual Interest and Science-Related Behaviours
Palmer, D. A., Dixon, J., & Archer, J. (2016) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-016-9526-x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Context characteristics and their effects on students’ situational interest in chemistry
Habig, S., Blankenburg, J., van Vorst, H., Fechner, S., Parchmann, I., & Sumfleth, E. (2018) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2018.1470349 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“It can be investigated with regard to its development (Hidi & Renninger, 2006) or as feature of a task or environment (for an overview see Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
A meta-analytic review of the relationships between autonomy support and positive learning outcomes
Mammadov, S., & Schroeder, K. (2023) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2023.102235 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Clarifying an Elusive Construct: a Systematic Review of Writing Attitudes
Ekholm, E., Zumbrunn, S. K., & DeBusk‐Lane, M. (2017) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-017-9423-5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Interest: A unique affective and cognitive motivational variable that develops
(2022) · Advances in Motivation Science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2021.12.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Role of Individual Differences in Sourcing: a Systematic Review
Anmarkrud, Ø., Bråten, I., Florit, E., & Masón, L. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09640-7 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Game-Based Learning of the Structure and Functioning of Body Cells in a Foreign Language: Effects on Motivation, Cognitive Load, and Performance
Stiller, K. D., & Schworm, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00018 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Regulating interest when learning online: Potential motivation and performance trade-offs
Sansone, C., Smith, J. L., Thoman, D. B., & MacNamara, A. (2011) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.10.004 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Interest and the Development of Pathways to Science
Crowley, K., Barron, B., Knutson, K. A., & Martin, C. K. (2015) · doi:10.3102/978-0-935302-42-4_17 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“There is little direct evidence of how early interests transform into science trajectories and, importantly, of what can be done to increase the chances that early interest can be connected to later systematic pursuit of science per se (Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
Shunned and Admired: Montessori, Self-Determination, and a Case for Radical School Reform
Lillard, A. S. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09483-3 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Life science students’ attitudes, interest, and performance in introductory physics for life sciences: An exploratory study
Crouch, C. H., Wisittanawat, P., Cai, M., & Renninger, K. A. (2018) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.14.010111 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citation
Supporting self-efficacy beliefs and interest as educational inputs and outcomes: Framing AI and Human partnered task experiences
Fryer, L. K., Thompson, A., Nakao, K., Howarth, M., & Gallacher, A. (2020) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101850 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Students' motivation toward laboratory work in physiology teaching
Dohn, N. B., Fago, A., Overgaard, J., Madsen, P. T., & Malte, H. (2016) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00029.2016 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Here, interest is interpreted as a relatively stable tendency to occupy oneself with an object of interest (15, 32).”
Background
What triggers students’ interest during higher education lectures? personal and situational variables associated with situational interest
Quinlan, K. M. (2019) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2019.1665325 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Exploring the effects of seductive details with the 4-phase model of interest
Wang, Z., & Adesope, O. (2016) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2016.06.003 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Makerspace in STEM for girls: a physical space to develop twenty-first-century skills
Sheffield, R. S., Koul, R. B., Blackley, S. E., & Maynard, N. E. (2017) · Educational Media International · doi:10.1080/09523987.2017.1362812 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“This is supported by the motivation and affects literature (Ainley, Hidi, & Berndorff, 2002; Duckworth, 2006; Engle & Conant, 2002; Krapp & Prenzel, 2011; Renninger & Hidi, 2011) on the role of affective dynamics in generating student interest and engagement.”
Result
Effect of gender, self-efficacy, and interest on perception of the learning environment and outcomes in calculus-based introductory physics courses
Li, Y., & Singh, C. (2021) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.17.010143 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Inquiry Learning in the Singaporean Context: Factors affecting student interest in school science
Jocz, J., Zhai, J., & Tan, A.-L. (2014) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2014.908327 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“This is not surprising as the gender gap tends to become more pronounced during middle and high school (Lyons, 2006; Renninger & Hidi, 2011) and the students in this study were in grade 4.”
Background
Understanding youth STEM interest pathways within a single community: theSynergiesproject
Falk, J. H., Staus, N. L., Dierking, L. D., Penuel, W. R., Wyld, J. N., & Bailey, D. (2015) · International Journal of Science Education Part B · doi:10.1080/21548455.2015.1093670 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“…Archer et al., 2010; Krapp & Prenzel, 2011; Tai, Liu, Maltese, & Fan, 2006) that early situational interest in STEM does not progress to well-developed individual interest for many youth, the factors that affect movement between phases of interest are not well understood (Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
The Interest-Driven Pursuits of 15 Year Olds: “Sparks” and Their Association With Caring Relationships and Developmental Outcomes
Ben‐Eliyahu, A., Rhodes, J. E., & Scales, P. C. (2014) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2014.894414 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Authentic STEM research, practices of science, and interest development in an informal science education program
Habig, B., & Gupta, P. (2021) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-021-00314-y · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…inclusive to certain races or gender types (e.g., females in the computer science field), or even an unsuccessful learning experience which lacked scaffolds and supports (e.g., participation in a badly managed robotics program) (Bell et al., 2013; Renninger et al., 2019; Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Reverse the routine: Problem solving before instruction improves conceptual knowledge in undergraduate physics
Weaver, J. P., Chastain, R. J., DeCaro, D. A., & DeCaro, M. S. (2017) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.12.003 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Many factors influence situational task interest and enjoyment (Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
Student experience of school science
Shirazi, S. (2017) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2017.1356943 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“A review of the literature on interest generation by Renninger and Hidi (2011) finds that individuals who think they cannot pursue an occupation will not have an interest in pursuing it.”
Background
Interacting with Three-Dimensional Molecular Structures Using an Augmented Reality Mobile App
Aw, J. K., Boellaard, K. C., Tan, T. K., Yap, J., Loh, Y. P., Colasson, B., Blanc, É., Lam, Y., & Fung, F. M. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00387 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Fostering Today What is Needed Tomorrow: Investigating Students’ Interest in Science
Blankenburg, J., Höffler, T. N., & Parchmann, I. (2015) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21204 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Although there are various definitions and theories, interest is commonly defined as a multidimensional construct with both cognitive and affective facets (Gardner, 1998; Krapp & Prenzel, 2011; Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
Consistency, longitudinal stability, and predictions of elementary school students' task interest, success expectancy, and performance in mathematics
Nuutila, K., Tuominen, H., Tapola, A., Vainikainen, M.-P., & Niemivirta, M. (2018) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.04.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Geoscience Education Research Project: Student Benefits and Effective Design of a Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience
Kortz, K. M., & Kraft, K. J. V. D. H. (2016) · Journal of Geoscience Education · doi:10.5408/15-11.1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Student interest is a complex and multifaceted construct, but at its essence, it is an important driver of motivation (Hidi et al., 2004; Renninger and Hidi, 2011).”
Background
Declining interest in science in lower secondary school classes: Quasi‐experimental and longitudinal evidence on the role of teaching and teaching quality
Steidtmann, L., Kleickmann, T., & Steffensky, M. (2022) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21794 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Impact of AI-agent-supported collaborative learning on the learning outcomes of University programming courses
Wang, H., Wang, C., Chen, Z., Liu, F., Bao, C., & Xu, X. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13487-8 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Learning interest, as the learner’s persistent attention and positive emotional experience toward the learning content, is a key factor influencing the effectiveness of programming education (Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Instruction and Students’ Declining Interest in Science
Tröbst, S., Kleickmann, T., Lange‐Schubert, K., Rothkopf, A., & Möller, K. (2015) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831215618662 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Eventually, the repeated experience of episodes of situational interest during learning situations should allow some students to form an enduring individual interest in the respective academic field (Renninger & Hidi, 2011).”
Background
Inclusive museum audio guides: ‘guided looking’ through audio description enhances memorability of artworks for sighted audiences
Hutchinson, R. S., & Eardley, A. F. (2021) · Museum Management and Curatorship · doi:10.1080/09647775.2021.1891563 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the literature on the triggering of interest and its relationship with the development of engagement (Renninger and Bachrach 2015; Renninger and Hidi 2015), as well as the importance of supporting content for the development of interest (Renninger and Hidi 2011).”
Modelling the links between students' interest in a domain, the tasks they experience and their interest in a course: Isn't interest what university is all about?
Fryer, L. K., Ainley, M., & Thompson, A. (2016) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.08.011 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Early childhood science interest development: Variation in interest patterns and parent–child interactions among low‐income families
Pattison, S. A., & Dierking, L. D. (2018) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21486 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…science (F. S. Azevedo, 2013; Falk, Osborne, & Dorph, 2013; Falk et al., 2016; Maltese & Tai, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; Tai, Liu, Maltese, & Fan, 2006) and a central component to successful learning (See reviews by Hidi & Renninger, 2006; Renninger & Hidi, 2011; Renninger & Su, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential

Authors: RENNINGER, K. A., & HIDI, S.
Affiliations: Swarthmore College (US)
ORCID: RENNINGER, K. ANN
Venue: Educational Psychologist
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2011-07
Volume: 46
Issue: 3
Pages: 168-184
ISSN: 0046-1520 (ISSN-L)
1532-6985
DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2011.587723
OpenAlex: W2059669144
Cited by: 786
References: 153
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 31.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Educational Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Works - Scholarship, Research, & Creative Expression (Swarthmore College) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Swarthmore College
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Educational Research Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences
Keywords: interest, student motivation, interest development, learning context

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Revisiting the Conceptualization, Measurement, and Generation of Interest

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