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A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior
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Abstract
The Health Belief Model (HBM; Rosenstock, 1966) was constructed to explain which beliefs should be targeted in communication campaigns to cause positive health behaviors. The model specifies that if individuals perceive a negative health outcome to be severe, perceive themselves to be susceptible to it, perceive the benefits to behaviors that reduce the likelihood of that outcome to be high, and perceive the barriers to adopting those behaviors to be low, then the behavior is likely for those individuals. A meta-analysis of 18 studies (2,702 subjects) was conducted to determine whether measures of these beliefs could longitudinally predict behavior. Benefits and barriers were consistently the strongest predictors. The length of time between measurement of the HBM beliefs and behavior, prevention versus treatment behaviors, and drug-taking regimens versus other behaviors were identified as moderators of the HBM variables' predictive power. Based on the weakness of two of the predictors, the continued use of the direct effects version of the HBM is not recommended.
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“Research has shown that the HBM constructs are predictive of actual behavior”
From Treatment histories, barriers, and preferences for individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2010
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Cites
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“Based on the health beliefs model (39), if individuals think that a negative health outcome will be severe, they can perceive the benefits of behavior which can reduce the higher likelihood of negative outcome, and the perceived benefits of behavior can predict behavior (40).”
BackgroundHu, D., Liu, Z., Gong, L., Kong, Y., Liu, H., Wei, C., Wu, X., Zhu, Q., & Guo, Y. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10081336 · Cited by 13
“The results revealed that all the constructs adopted in the HBM were shown to be good predictors of willingness to receive booster injections with the exception of perceived severity, which did not significantly predict behaviors, showing no difference with other studies [48,57].”
ResultInvestigating Effects of Exergames on Exercise Intentions among Young-Old and Old-Old
Xu, X., Theng, Y., Li, J., & Phat, P. T. (2016) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/2851581.2892296 · Cited by 13
“According to the Health Belief Model (HBM), individuals’ readiness and tendency to engage in a health-related behavior is a function of their perceived benefits and barriers [4, 7, 17].”
MethodPark, S., & Hong, S. (2019) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932019000191 · Cited by 5
“…of the Health Belief Model (Rosenstock, 1966), individuals are more likely to engage in a given health-related behaviour when they believe that the intervention will be effective, and when they anticipate few obstacles to utilizing the intervention (Henshaw & Freedman-Doan, 2009; Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundBarriers to Prostate Cancer Screening Among Indo-Guyanese
Persaud, H., Yuan, J., Afable, A., & Bruno, D. M. (2020) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-020-00926-5 · Cited by 14
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“24 This study further expanded the Health Belief Model by taking into account religion.”
BackgroundShould I get that jab? Exploring influence to encourage vaccination via online social media
Langley, D., Wijn, R., Epskamp, S., & van Bork, R. (2015) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 13
Increasing handwashing with soap: emotional drivers or social norms?
Leontsini, E., & WINCH, P. J. (2014) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70030-0 · Cited by 14
Predictors for adherent behavior in the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional telephone survey
Siebenhofer, A., Könczöl, C., Jeitler, K., Schmid, D., Elliott, P., & Avian, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.894128 · Cited by 12
Asher, M., Roe, D., & Hasson‐Ohayon, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1133140 · Cited by 13
“According to the Health Belief Model (22), attitudes toward medication consist of different beliefs including; perceived benefits and barriers of adherence, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity of outcome.”
MethodThe COVID-19 vaccination decision-making preferences of elderly people: a discrete choice experiment
Chen, Y., Wang, J., Yi, M., Xu, H., & Liang, H. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32471-1 · Cited by 12
Kumar, S., Mohanraj, R., Raman, R., Kumar, G., Luvies, S., Machhi, S. S., Chakrabarty, S., Surya, J., Ramakrishnan, R., Conroy, D. M., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270562 · Cited by 12
“In undertaking this qualitative study we used the Health Belief Model (HBM) which is a social psychological health behaviour change) model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviours, particularly with regard to the use of health services [30, 31].”
MethodMeis-Harris, J., Rramani-Dervishi, Q., Seffen, A. E., & Dohle, S. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102348 · Cited by 9
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“Several meta-analyses and systematic reviews have demonstrated the HBM’s effectiveness in predicting preventive health behaviors [20–24].”
BackgroundBrown, N., & Bowmer, Y. (2018) · Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal · doi:10.1123/wspaj.2017-0045 · Cited by 13
Su, L., Du, J., & Du, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.783374 · Cited by 12
“Second, the nuanced mechanism of mediation or moderation behind this influence is poorly understood (Carpenter, 2010; Jones et al., 2015).”
BackgroundIdentifying Health Beliefs Influencing Hispanic College Men's Willingness to Vaccinate against HPV
Stephens, D. P., Thomas, T. L., & Eaton, A. A. (2016) · American Journal of Sexuality Education · doi:10.1080/15546128.2016.1198733 · Cited by 12
“The HBM is one of the most commonly used theories in health education and promotion (Carpenter, 2010; Glanz & Bishop, 2010; National Cancer Institute, 2003), particularly in regard to the uptake of health services and health-promotion behaviors.”
BackgroundMethodAdolescent Participation in HPV Vaccine Clinical Trials: Are Parents Willing?
Cunningham‐Erves, J., Mayo‐Gamble, T. L., Hull, P. C., Duke, L., & Miller, S. T. (2017) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-017-0331-x · Cited by 12
“This model has been successfully applied to past behavioral research [31].”
MethodNudelman, G., & Shiloh, S. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kax063 · Cited by 13
Ahmad, M. H., Ibrahim, M. I., Rahman, A. A., Musa, K. I., Zin, F. M., Zain, R. M., Hasan, R., Hassan, N., Ahmad, I., & Idris, N. S. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16030351 · Cited by 12
Parental Attitudes Towards Prenatal Genetic Testing For Sickle Cell Disease
Stevens, E. M., Patterson, C. A., Tchume‐Johnson, T., Antiel, R. M., Flake, A. W., Smith‐Whitley, K., & Barakat, L. P. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology · doi:10.1097/mph.0000000000001592 · Cited by 12
Examining Users’ Adoption of Precision Medicine: The Moderating Role of Medical Technical Knowledge
Wang, X., Liu, Y., & Liu, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17031113 · Cited by 12
“Health belief theory can predict health-related behaviors and support developing measures to spur healthy behavioral changes [30].”
BackgroundJoergensen, K. M., Vestergaard, C., Joergensen, M. S., Eiken, A., Malmstedt-Miller, M., Schultz, A. N. Ø., Deleuran, M. S., & Zibert, J. R. (2020) · Dermatology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2020/8915893 · Cited by 13
“On the other hand, it has also been suggested to result in inconsistent treatment behaviors, leading to lack of effect [19].”
BackgroundContent Analysis of HPV Vaccine Messages on Chinese Social Media
Su, X. (2020) · Jurnal The Messenger · doi:10.26623/themessenger.v12i1.1814 · Cited by 12
“Scholars deem think the perceived benefits and perceived barriers variables were the consistently the most influential predictors, the benefits effect size is 0.27, the barriers effect size is 0.3, all of them almost are the common effects (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialCritical and Qualitative Approaches to Behavior Change
Chamberlain, K., & Lyons, A. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.030 · Cited by 13
Gharouni, K., Ardalan, A., Araban, M., Ebrahimzadeh, F., Bakhtiar, K., Almasian, M., & Bastami, F. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09425-7 · Cited by 12
Zhang, P., Zhu, X. L., Jin, Y., & Liu, J. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.655836 · Cited by 12
Circulating Humorous Antitobacco Videos on Social Media
Lee, M. J., & Chen, F. (2016) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839916677521 · Cited by 12
Thomas, M. A., Yan, L., & Oliveira, T. (2017) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.05.001 · Cited by 14
Jin, S., Bu, K., Chen, F., Xu, H. F., Li, Y., Zhao, D., Xu, F., Li, J. Y., Han, M. J., Wang, N., et al. (2017) · PubMed · doi:10.3967/bes2017.013 · Cited by 12
Trust, Risk Barriers and Health Beliefs in Consumer Acceptance of Online Health Services
Mou, J., & Cohen, J. F. (2014) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 12
Maximizing User Engagement with Behavior Change Interventions
Yardley, L., Morrison, L. G., Müller, I., & Bradbury, K. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.025 · Cited by 11
Mindsets and self-efficacy beliefs among individuals with type 2 diabetes
Lo, C. J., Lee, L., Yu, W., Tai, E. S., Yew, T. W., & Ding, I. L. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47617-4 · Cited by 16
Xu, Y., Stephens, K. K., Carlson, N. H., Lieberknecht, K., & Leite, F. L. (2024) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/1468-5973.12524 · Cited by 11
Motivations and inhibitors to blood donation
Carlos, V. S., & Rodrigues, R. G. (2024) · International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing · doi:10.1007/s12208-024-00405-w · Cited by 11
“…individuals perceive a negative health outcome to be severe and see themselves as susceptible to that issue, it is more likely that the donation behaviour occurs (Carpenter, 2010), so we also suggest the development of campaigns that focus health issues that may require urgent blood transfusions.”
Yari, A., Mohseni, S., Rad, R. E., Hosseini, Z., Shahabi, N. A., & Aghamolaei, T. (2024) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.70198 · Cited by 11
Which population groups are most unaware of CVD risks associated with sitting time?
Duncan, M. J., Gilson, N. D., & Vandelanotte, C. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.05.009 · Cited by 11
Disease Messaging in Churches: Implications for Health in African-American Communities
Harmon, B. E., Chock, M., Brantley, E. A., Wirth, M. D., & Hébert, J. R. (2015) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-015-0109-3 · Cited by 11
“Constructs of the health belief model indicate exposure to health messaging in AfricanAmerican churches has the potential to influence health behaviors of congregants through increases in self-efficacy, changes in perceptions of disease risk, and cues to action (Carpenter 2010; Gordon 2002).”
BackgroundLillie, H. M., Pokharel, M., John, K. K., Christy, K. R., Upshaw, S. J., Giorgi, E. A., & Jensen, J. D. (2021) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.1873337 · Cited by 12
A social marketing strategy to promote preconception care: development of the Woke Women strategy
Maas, V., Blanchette, L. M., van Amstel, W., Franx, A., Poels, M., & Koster, M. P. (2022) · Journal of Social Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsocm-07-2021-0151 · Cited by 11
Kowalski, E., Stengel, A., Schneider, A., Goebel‐Stengel, M., Zipfel, S., & Graf, J. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10030455 · Cited by 11
“In general, the 5C model is based on preliminary work by WHO [35] as well as on psychological theories, such as the “theory of planned behavior” [50] or the “health belief model” [51].”
MethodLe, H. H. T. C., Viên, N. T., Đăng, T. N., Ware, R. S., Phung, D. T., Thai, P. K., Ranganathan, S., Vinh, N. N., Dung, P. H. T., Thanh, H. N., et al. (2023) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.13923 · Cited by 11
“These findings are in line with previous studies, which have shown that barriers are among the strongest predictors of preventive health actions across different behaviours [27 – 29].”
ResultTeachers’ ideas about health: Implications for health promotion at school
Miglioretti, M., Velasco, V., Celata, C., & Vecchio, L. P. (2012) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896912460929 · Cited by 11
Pertussis Booster Vaccination in Pregnancy: Women Who had it Compared to Those Who Waited
Hayles, E. H., Cooper, S. C., Wood, N., Skinner, S. R., & Sinn, J. H. K. (2015) · Procedia in Vaccinology · doi:10.1016/j.provac.2015.05.010 · Cited by 11
Bakhtiar, K., Bastami, F., Sharafkhani, N., & Almasian, M. (2017) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 11
Han, Y., Yin, J., Zeng, Y., Chu, C., Chiang, Y., & Fang, Y. (2019) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-019-00550-7 · Cited by 11
Boomers’ Intention to Choose Healthy Housing Materials: An Application of the Health Belief Model
Kwon, H. J., & Ahn, M. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11184869 · Cited by 11
“Second, the relationship between this perception and (behavioral) intention has been reported almost always near zero [16].”
BackgroundTan, S. G., Raamkumar, A. S., & Wee, H. L. (2021) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981211014428 · Cited by 11
Health concerns among waste collectors during pandemic crisis
Ye, Q., Asmi, F., Anwar, M., Zhou, R., & Siddiquei, A. N. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16071-y · Cited by 11
“Investigation on HBM dated from Rosenstock’s research (1966), who developed the model that explored why and under what circumstances individuals will take action to prevent illnesses (Carpenter 2010).”
BackgroundMethodFactors linked to accessing COVID‐19 recommendations among working migrants
Zlotnick, C., Dryjańska, L., & Suckerman, S. (2021) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12982 · Cited by 10
“Previous systematic and meta-analytic reviews show that of the four HBM constructs, perceived benefits and perceived barriers were the strongest predictors of health-related actions (Borthwick et al., 2020; Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundSickness presenteeism explained by balancing perceived positive and negative effects
Lohaus, D., Habermann, W., & Nachreiner, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.963560 · Cited by 14
“Although different conceptualizations and operationalizations of the HBM exist, there is consensus regarding the core variables (Carpenter, 2010; Jones et al., 2014; Green et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialYang, J. Z., Ho, S. S., & Lwin, M. O. (2014) · Asian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/01292986.2014.927894 · Cited by 11
“Future research should continue to examine possible mediation and moderation among the HBM variables, rather than focusing on the additive effects from individual variables (Carpenter, 2010).”
InfluentialAkintobi, T. H., Trotter, J. C., Zellner, T., Lenoir, S., Evans, D., Rollins, L. S., & Miller, A. (2016) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839916649367 · Cited by 11
“The theory includes the assumptions about the process through which change occurs, and specifies the pathways through which early and intermediate outcomes that relate to achieving the desired long-term change will be brought about and documented as they occur (Becker, 1974; Carpenter, 2010).”
The Force of Habit: Creating and Sustaining a Wellness Lifestyle
Nemec, P. B., Swarbrick, M. A., & Merlo, D. M. (2015) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20150821-01 · Cited by 11
Street, T. D., & Lacey, S. J. (2018) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-182716 · Cited by 11
“Inameta-analysisusingthehealth beliefmodeltopredictthechangeofhealthbehaviors Carpenter(2010)reportedperceivedseverity,barriers,andbenefitswerethemostaccuratepredictorsof behavioralchange[22].”
Mitigating pharmaceutical waste exposures: policy and program considerations
Amster, E. (2016) · Israel Journal of Health Policy Research · doi:10.1186/s13584-016-0118-z · Cited by 11
“In applying the health belief model [6], perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits and barriers of inappropriate medication disposal would factor into the likelihood that consumers would participate in disposal programs.”
Craveiro, D., Marques, S., Bell, R., Khan, M., Godinho, C. I. A., & Peixeiro, F. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021003839 · Cited by 10
“The modules common to these two questionnaires apply sociodemographic indicators and key determinants of fruit and vegetable intake levels and healthy eating identified in the literature ((28,29,30,27,31,24,32,33,34)).”
BackgroundVanherle, R., Kurten, S., & Rousseau, A. (2023) · European Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.47368/ejhc.2023.102 · Cited by 10
“However, ambiguous results seem to prevail as some research indicated that perceived severity rather than susceptibility steers health behaviour (Carpenter, 2010; Ranjit et al., 2021), whereas other scholars show that it might be the other way around (Ferrer & Klein, 2015).”
ResultGolebie, E., van Riper, C. J., Hitzroth, G., Huegelmann, A., & Joffe-Nelson, N. (2023) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-023-03055-x · Cited by 17
“In contrast to past work that has positioned barriers as direct antecedents to behavior (Carpenter 2010; Rosenstock 1974; Yoon et al.”
MethodResultOdoom, R., Odoom, P. T., & Essandoh, M. (2023) · Journal of Social Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsocm-05-2023-0113 · Cited by 10
Mazengia, E. M., Kassie, A., Zewdie, A., Tesfa, H., Aschale, A., & Demissie, G. D. (2023) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2023.101011 · Cited by 10
Patient-Reported Barriers and Preferred Interventions to Improve Lung Cancer Screening Uptake
Jung, J., Razzak, E., Avenido, A. R., Rashidi, A., Jia, S., Tran, N. Q., Yao, R., Nguyen, E. L., Bernaba, A., Echeverria, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2024.10.010 · Cited by 10
Heinemeier, D. K., Schmid, P., Eitze, S., Betsch, C., & Vaccination60+ study group (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22441-9 · Cited by 10
“The Health Belief Model (HBM) suggests that vaccination decisions are influenced by perceived severity and susceptibility to a disease, as well as the benefits and barriers of vaccination [38, 39].”
McCartan, C. J., Yap, J., Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Tully, M. A., Best, P., Webb, P., White, C., Gilbody, S. M., Churchill, R. C., et al. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013547 · Cited by 12
The Price of Hope—Insights into rhino horn consumption in health‐related contexts in Vietnam
Nguyen, H. P., Nguyen, H. T. M., & Pham, H. T. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12342 · Cited by 13
Chimukuche, R. S., Ngwenya, N. B., Seeley, J., Nxumalo, P., Nxumalo, Z., Godongwana, M., Radebe, N., Myburgh, N., Adedini, S. A., & Cutland, C. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10030415 · Cited by 10
“This model is used to assess intrapersonal factors, including risk-related beliefs that may influence individuals’ health decision making [17].”
MethodPodewils, L. J., Long, E. F., Fuller, T. J., Mwakazanga, D. K., Kapungu, K., Tembo, M., Mwanza, S., Curran, K. G., Smith, J. P., Tobias, J. L., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13053-8 · Cited by 10
“The FGDs were reviewed and analyzed using a thematic qualitative approach based on the Health Belief Model [18, 19].”
MethodInfluentialChelf, S., Davis, R. E., Bass, M. A., Ford, M. A., Firouzabadi, A. D., Leo, J. T., & Nahar, V. K. (2022) · Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.1515/jom-2022-0011 · Cited by 10
Perceived Benefits and Barriers to Chinese COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Young Adults in China
Luo, W., & Song, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.825874 · Cited by 10
“As benefits and barriers are the strongest predictors of health behavior (18), including in the context of Chinese people’s COVID-19 vaccination intentions (12, 19–21), benefits and barriers are the entry points for this research effort.”
BackgroundAmarasinghe, G. S., & Agampodi, S. B. (2022) · Rural and Remote Health · doi:10.22605/rrh7273 · Cited by 13
Riccò, M., Zaniboni, A., Satta, E., Ranzieri, S., Cerviere, M. P., Marchesi, F., & Peruzzi, S. (2022) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed7120404 · Cited by 10
Beale, S., Yavlinsky, A., Hoskins, S., Nguyen, V. G., Byrne, T., Fong, W. L. E., Kovar, J., van Tongeren, M., Aldridge, R. W., Hayward, A. C., et al. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.4092 · Cited by 10
Wang, X., & Xu, J. (2023) · Social Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1177/15245004231187066 · Cited by 10
“Although not specifically related to vaccine uptake, Carpenter’s metaanalysis (2010) found a moderate association between perceived benefits and preventive behaviors, r = 0.27. In contrast, Harrison, Mullen & Green (1992) found a weak association between the two, r = 0.”
InfluentialPrinciples of Effective Message Design: A Review and Model of Content and Format Features
Cappella, J. N., & Li, Y. (2023) · Asian Communication Research · doi:10.20879/acr.2023.20.023 · Cited by 14
“Personal threat that is severe coupled with potential vulnerability to the threat (Carpenter, 2010) can create a fearful reaction providing a reason and motive to avoid the threat.”
BackgroundRamezankhani, A., Jahani, H. R., Hatami, H., Sharifzadeh, G. R., & Hosseini, S. H. (2016) · Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences · doi:10.29252/jnkums.8.1.33 · Cited by 10
Ghanouni, A., Nuttall, E., Wardle, J., & von Wagner, C. (2016) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.09.007 · Cited by 10
“In this respect, the present findings support researchers’ recommendations for alternative approaches that examine moderation among variables [1].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPeng, W., Morgan, S. E., Mao, B., McFarlane, S. J., Occa, A., Grinfeder, G., & Byrne, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2019.1680773 · Cited by 10
“Internal cues include negative physical symptoms or emotional feelings that prompt attention (Carpenter, 2010; Janz & Becker, 1984).”
Sharma, A. M., Jain, M., Nahar, V. K., & Sharma, M. (2020) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2019-0078 · Cited by 10
The Science of Behavior Change: The Road Ahead
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.046 · Cited by 13
Brophy, N. S., Seiter, C. R., & Zhao, X. (2021) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2021.1998844 · Cited by 11
“HBM literature is inconsistent about whether perceived susceptibility and severity should be treated discretely, additively, or multiplicatively as predictors (see Carpenter, 2010 for a review).”
BackgroundInfluentialKawakami, A., Tanaka, M., Nishigaki, M., Yoshimura, N., Suzuki, R., Maeda, S., Kunisaki, R., & Yamamoto‐Mitani, N. (2014) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-014-0220-z · Cited by 10
“This element proved to be the most powerful of the HBM elements in various studies [15].”
Lipman, S. A., & Burt, S. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190399 · Cited by 10
Engl, E., & Sgaier, S. K. (2019) · Gates Open Research · doi:10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2 · Cited by 13
“Many models of behavioral enablers and barriers exist, but most focus either on systemic drivers, without addressing how individuals can be motivated to respond to such changes 7–9 , or on people’s beliefs, personality characteristics or cognitive biases, neglecting context 10–19 .”
BackgroundSarwar, F., Jameel, H. T., & Panatik, S. A. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231192185 · Cited by 12
“These results are in concordance to results of a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies on effectiveness of health belief model variables on predicting behavior, which found perceived benefit to be the strongest and most consistent predictor (Carpenter, 2010).”
ResultMohammadnabizadeh, S., Najafpoor, A. A., Vahedian-Shahroodi, M., & Ghavami, V. (2022) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_158_22 · Cited by 9
“Self‐efficacy has been found to be a significant requisite for behavior change self‐management toward health promotion.[18,25] Linear regression test in Sharifzadeh et al.”
BackgroundHealth perceptions and attitudes on mobile health apps in China
Zhang, X., Raghavan, V. V., & Yang, X. (2023) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/14604582231207745 · Cited by 10
“27 Figure 1 shows the constructs and relationship between constructs in the Health Belief Model.”
BackgroundVaret, F., Pelé, M., Carnis, L., Piermattéo, A., Martinez, F., & Granié, M.-A. (2024) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/law0000416 · Cited by 9
Navuluri, N., Lanford, T. J., Shapiro, A. S., Krishnan, G., Johnson, A. B., Riley, I. L., Zullig, L. L., Cox, C. E., & Shofer, S. L. (2024) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2023.7098 · Cited by 9
Voice as a Working Tool for Teachers: A Qualitative Study of Work-Related Perceptions and Impact
Castillo‐Allendes, A., Cantor-Cutiva, L. C., Vidal, V., & Hunter, E. J. (2024) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.021 · Cited by 11
Purchasing behavior of green food: using health belief model norm activation theory
Martey, E. M. (2024) · Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal · doi:10.1108/meq-12-2023-0415 · Cited by 11
Theorizing forgotten crisis publics: COVID long haulers’ information marginalization
Liu, B. F., Shi, D., Jean, B. S., Behre, J., & Downey, M. (2025) · Public Relations Review · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2025.102556 · Cited by 9
Cumulative associations between health behaviours, mental well-being, and health over 30 years
Kekäläinen, T., Ahola, J., Reinilä, E., Savikangas, T., Kinnunen, M.-L., Pitkänen, T., & Kokko, K. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2479233 · Cited by 9
Gwenhure, A. K. (2025) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyaf034 · Cited by 20
Wirtz, M. A., Morfeld, M., Brähler, E., Hinz, A., & Glaesmer, H. (2018) · European Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1027/2512-8442/a000019 · Cited by 10
Temporal Brokering: A Measure of Brokerage as a Behavioral Process
Quintane, E., Wood, M., Dunn, J. D., & Falzon, L. (2021) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/10944281211002911 · Cited by 9
“However, a construct of medium specificity, such as an orientation, does not necessarily relate to the actual behavior of individuals (Carpenter, 2010; Sheeran, 2002; Sheeran & Webb, 2018).”
BackgroundTajiki, I., Vizeshfar, F., & Keshtkaran, Z. (2021) · Burns · doi:10.1016/j.burns.2021.11.001 · Cited by 9
Zhelyazkova, A., Kim, S., Klein, M., Prueckner, S., Horster, S., Kreßirer, P., Choukèr, A., Coenen, M., & Adorjan, K. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10081231 · Cited by 9
Iles, I. A., Egnoto, M. J., Liu, B. F., Ackerman, G. A., Roberts, H. A., & Smith, D. (2017) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.12771 · Cited by 9
“(24) Several studies have shown that ease of use can aid adoption even of fairly intrusive technologies, such as fullbody scanners.(28,29) Finally, research notes that users are more likely to adopt a new technology if it is compatible with their lifestyle and it easily integrates into their existing behaviors.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Carpenter, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Western Illinois University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carpenter, Christopher J.
- Venue
- Health Communication
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-11-30
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 661-669
- ISSN
- 1041-0236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7027
- OpenAlex
- W2102635611
- Cited by
- 1,604
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 190 · 2020: 164 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Communication (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
- Keywords
- Health Belief Model, health behavior prediction, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, health campaigns, longitudinal prediction
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Models, Psychological, Health Behavior, Health Communication
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