The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior
Published version of a preprint
Abstract
The Health Belief Model (HBM; Rosenstock, 1966) was constructed to explain which beliefs should be targeted in communication campaigns to cause positive health behaviors. The model specifies that if individuals perceive a negative health outcome to be severe, perceive themselves to be susceptible to it, perceive the benefits to behaviors that reduce the likelihood of that outcome to be high, and perceive the barriers to adopting those behaviors to be low, then the behavior is likely for those individuals. A meta-analysis of 18 studies (2,702 subjects) was conducted to determine whether measures of these beliefs could longitudinally predict behavior. Benefits and barriers were consistently the strongest predictors. The length of time between measurement of the HBM beliefs and behavior, prevention versus treatment behaviors, and drug-taking regimens versus other behaviors were identified as moderators of the HBM variables' predictive power. Based on the weakness of two of the predictors, the continued use of the direct effects version of the HBM is not recommended.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Research has shown that the HBM constructs are predictive of actual behavior”
From Treatment histories, barriers, and preferences for individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Health Belief Model: a decade later.
Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019818401100101 · Cited by 8,437
Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model
Rosenstock, I. M. (1974) · Health Education Monographs · doi:10.1177/109019817400200403 · Cited by 6,116
Social Learning Theory and the Health Belief Model
Rosenstock, I. M., Strecher, V. J., & Becker, M. H. (1988) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019818801500203 · Cited by 5,564
Putting the fear back into fear appeals: the extended parallel process model
Witte, K. (1992) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637759209376276 · Cited by 3,880
Health Belief Model and Personal Health Behavior
Becker, M. H. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,065
Hunter, J., & Schmidt, F. (2004) · doi:10.4135/9781412985031 · Cited by 3,023
Why People Use Health Services
Rosenstock, I. M. (2005) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00425.x · Cited by 2,329
The Health Belief Model and Sick Role Behavior
Becker, M. H. (1974) · Health Education Monographs · doi:10.1177/109019817400200407 · Cited by 2,327
Why People Use Health Services
Rosenstock, I. M. (1966) · The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3348967 · Cited by 2,305
Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2000) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00156 · Cited by 833
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 999
Wu, H., Liow, G., Zhou, Z., & Li, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1612480 · Cited by 6
“The HBM is recognized as a dominant framework for health behavior research (21).”
Kaňková, J., Binder, A., & Matthes, J. (2025) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2025.2566712 · Cited by 7
“However, variations in behavioral intentions suggest participants evaluated these behaviors differently, likely based on perceived benefits and barriers (see HBM; Carpenter, 2010; Rosenstock, 1966).”
Electronic word-of-mouth and off-label use of Ozempic and other GLP-1 medications
Ugwu, H., Willis, E., & Pickett, M. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251409613 · Cited by 6
“Critical reviews provide substantial empirical support for these constructs (Carpenter, 2010), making the HBM one of the most widely used models in health behavior research.”
Mkrtchyan, H. H., Margaryan, T. V., Hovhannisyan, H., & Petrosyan, T. (2022) · Health Problems of Civilization · doi:10.5114/hpc.2022.117830 · Cited by 6
Ocsovszky, Z., Martos, T., Otohal, J., Berényi, B., Merkely, B. P., Csabai, M., & Bagyura, Z. (2023) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2023.32685 · Cited by 6
Chen, Y. (2023) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171231160666 · Cited by 6
Jaffe, A. E., Blayney, J. A., Jones, H. R., Stappenbeck, C. A., George, W. H., & Davis, K. C. (2023) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2023.2249774 · Cited by 6
“From the perspective of the Health Belief Model (Carpenter, 2010; Rosenstock et al., 1988), a person might be expected to use a condom if they believe they are susceptible to a negative health outcome (e.g., unintended pregnancy, STI), believe the condom will prevent that outcome, and perceive few barriers to condom u…”
BackgroundEstee, M. M., Wang, Y., Heritier, S. R., Urquhart, D. M., Cicuttini, F., Kotowicz, M. A., Brennan-Olsen, S. L., Pasco, J. A., & Wluka, A. E. (2023) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead587 · Cited by 6
Jiang, F., Ye, X., Wang, Y., Tang, N., Feng, J., Gao, Y., & Bao, M. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2331870 · Cited by 6
Chandler, C. R. A., Catanzaro, M., & Siette, J. (2024) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105440 · Cited by 6
Patel, V., Grant, L. E., Shereefdeen, H., MacKay, M., Cheng, L., Phypers, M., Papadopoulos, A., & McWhirter, J. E. (2024) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2024.2391207 · Cited by 7
“Severity and susceptibility constructs can impact risk perception; however, alone, they are not sufficient to influence behavior change (Carpenter, 2010).”
Sun behavior: exploring the health belief model on skin cancer prevention in Spain
Fuentes-Lara, C., Zeler, I., Moreno, Á., & de Troya-Martín, M. (2024) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-024-02335-7 · Cited by 6
Enhancing Employee Assistance Programs for Stress Management in Thailand: Employees’ Perspectives
Hengboriboon, L., & Yukongdi, V. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241274582 · Cited by 8
“It has been demonstrated across numerous domains that the HBM can explain and predict various health-related behaviors (Carpenter, 2010; Janz & Becker, 1984).”
Afenigus, A. D., & Asres, H. A. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02525-4 · Cited by 6
“This model emphasizes the importance of understanding the beliefs and perceptions that influence behavior change [25, 26].”
Older Adults Use of Online Health Information - Do They Even Try?
Rockmann, R., & Gewald, H. (2017) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2017.448 · Cited by 6
“Such cues can be either external or internal; whereas external cues refer to events or information from outside, such as a reminder from a dentist, internal cues can stem out of physiological states, such as pains [46].”
BackgroundThe Ethics of Anti-aging Clinical Trials
Crutchfield, P. (2017) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-017-9917-z · Cited by 6
“Further, it is widely accepted that a person’s beliefs about his or her health influences his or her behavior (Carpenter 2010; Rosenstock, Strecher, and Becker 1988; Janz and Becker 1984).”
BackgroundChukumnird, S., Boonyasopun, U., & Sirisom, K. (2018) · Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) · doi:10.48048/wjst.2019.3863 · Cited by 6
Toghiyani, Z., Kazemi, A., & Nekuei, N. (2019) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_62_18 · Cited by 6
Hsiao, H., Chen, Y., Yu, P.-L., Tseng, J. T., Kuo, S., Hu, Y. H., Ko, Y., Chi, I., & Wu, S. (2019) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/705416 · Cited by 6
“These findings support the HBM assumption that nonfamilial interaction with diabetic patients would lead to development of college students’ perceptions of vulnerability to diabetes (Cao, Chen, &Wang, 2014; Conner & Norman, 2005; Davis, Campbell, Hildon, Hobbs, & Michie, 2014; Rosenstock, 1974).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialApplying two minds theory to self‐management of Type 1 diabetes
Messer, L. H., Sousa, K. H., & Cook, P. F. (2019) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21983 · Cited by 6
Economic and Behavioral Economic Approaches to Behavior Change
Brown, P. M., Cameron, L. D., Wilkinson, M., & Taylor, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.042 · Cited by 7
Schmidt, K., Færch, K., Zoffmann, V., Amadid, H., & Varming, A. R. (2021) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14748 · Cited by 8
Grauman, Å., Byberg, L., Veldwijk, J., & James, S. K. (2022) · International Journal of Cardiology Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.ijcrp.2022.200125 · Cited by 6
“Perceived risk is one of the main components that explain health behavior [4].”
BackgroundA healthy liver will always deliver: development of a NAFLD awareness comic
Pagès, M. A. I., Tavares, R., Azul, A. M., & Ramalho‐Santos, J. (2022) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daac165 · Cited by 9
The personal, local and global influences on youth sexual behaviors in a traditional society
Jabareen, R., & Zlotnick, C. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.106947 · Cited by 6
Odunsi, I. A., & Farris, K. L. (2023) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027642231164044 · Cited by 6
“…use of tanning beds, increasing vaccination reception, increasing screening blood tests, and more importantly to the current study, engaging in risk mitigation strategies in response to the H1N1 virus (Carpenter, 2010; Greene & Brinn, 2003; Steers et al., 1996; Taha et al., 2013; Yoo et al., 2013).”
Risking Your Health to Help Others: The Effect of Pandemic Severity on Volunteering
Meier, D. S., Petrig, A., & von Schnurbein, G. (2023) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/08997640231185119 · Cited by 6
“A meta-analysis found that that the perceived severity had a larger effect on protective health behaviors than the perceived susceptibility (C. J. Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundGustavsson, J., & Beckman, L. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05132-9 · Cited by 6
“Even if evidence points to perceived benefits and barriers being the strongest predictor of behavior change [19, 32], cues to actions are essential, as seen in our results.”
ResultInfluence of Text and Participant Characteristics on Perceived and Actual Text Difficulty
Mouradi, O., Gondy Leroy, A., Kauchak, D., & Endicott, J. E. (2013) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2013.266 · Cited by 6
“categories are benefits and barriers [34].”
A Study on the Assertive Behavior Among Non-smoking College Students Under Secondhand Smoke Exposure
Kim, M.-S., & Kim, Y. (2012) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2012.13.11.5187 · Cited by 6
“자기효능감은 수행경험, 대리경 험, 언어적 설득에 의해 촉진될 수 있다고 알려져 있다 [13].”
Elliott, J. C., Hasin, D. S., & Jarlais, D. C. D. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.023 · Cited by 6
“…risk for serious outcomes and drinking level were significant for both HIV- and HCV- infected samples, suggesting that this perception is relevant to drinking in these samples, despite a recent review claiming that severity may not be a useful component of the Health Belief Model (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialExamining Older Adults’ Enhanced Use of eHealth
Rockmann, R., & Gewald, H. (2016) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.061 · Cited by 6
Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Okunoren, O., LoParo, D., & Hunter, C. D. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000240 · Cited by 12
Arthritis/Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ağce, Z. B., Özkan, E., & Köse, B. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.68477 · Cited by 6
“Other variable factors in the application of the health belief model (age, gender, ethnic back‐ ground, personal characteristics, socioeconomic condition, and educational status) influence the individual’s perception of sensitivity, seriousness, benefit, and prevention and thus his/her behaviors [90].”
BackgroundPatients' Knowledge and Perceptions of Morcellation
Mowers, E. L., Lim, C. S., Skinner, B. D., Mahnert, N. D., Till, S. R., & As‐Sanie, S. (2017) · JSLS Journal of the Society of Laparoscopic & Robotic Surgeons · doi:10.4293/jsls.2017.00009 · Cited by 6
Urban Resilience and Crisis Management: Perspectives from France and Germany
Weichselgartner, J., Guézo, B., Beerlage, I., Després, C., Fekete, A., Hufschmidt, G., Lussignoli, O., Mey-Richters, S., Naumann, J., & Wienand, I. (2017) · The urban book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68606-6_27 · Cited by 6
Dorling, H., Blervacq, J., & Gidron, Y. (2018) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2017-0088 · Cited by 6
Auerbach, M. V., Heckman, C. J., & Darlow, S. D. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-018-9920-0 · Cited by 6
“engaging in a behavior, have been highly predictive of health behaviors (Carpenter, 2010) including skin cancer”
InfluentialIntention to undergo faecal occult blood testing in an ethnic minority
Natan, M. B., Husayn, A. A., & Muhamad, R. H. (2019) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12721 · Cited by 6
Factors associated with intentions for breast cancer risk management: Does risk group matter?
Conley, C. C., Agnese, D. M., Vadaparampil, S. T., & Andersen, B. L. (2019) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5066 · Cited by 6
“This is surprising, as benefits and barriers are consistently the strongest predictors of health behaviors across HBM studies.(28) These results may have implications for future interventions; to change”
BackgroundTreatment-Seeking Delay Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Women with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Pate, A., Leeman-Castillo, B. A., & Krantz, M. J. (2019) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2018.0046 · Cited by 6
McCartan, C. J., Yap, J., Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Tully, M. A., Best, P., Webb, P., White, C., Gilbody, S. M., Churchill, R. C., et al. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013557 · Cited by 6
“It has been validated in a range of domains and populations (Carpenter 2010; Janz 1984).”
BackgroundInfluentialFactors Affecting the Participation of the Dementia Screening in Community-dwelling Elderly
Chang, S. O., Lee, Y. W., Kong, E. S., Kim, C. G., Kim, H.-K., Cho, M.-O., & Chae, K. S. (2020) · Korean Journal of Adult Nursing · doi:10.7475/kjan.2020.32.2.134 · Cited by 6
Changing Behavior Using Integrative Self-Control Theory
Hofmann, W., Dohle, S., & Diel, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.011 · Cited by 7
Pan, F., Hsu, P.-K., & Chang, W.-H. (2020) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s274154 · Cited by 6
“As suggested by the literature of health belief model (HBM), perceived threats drive people to seek prevention measures, and the perceived utility of an instrument or measure supporting targeted health goals enables patients to adopt the instrument subject in order to gain accessibility (or barriers) to such an instru…”
BackgroundWerthmann, D., Rabito, F. A., & Reed, C. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11497-y · Cited by 6
“The HBM’s effectiveness in predicting behavior is welldocumented [20, 21].”
BackgroundCommunity Safety Behavior in Response to Coronavirus Pandemic
Khan, R., Fatima, T., Ramayah, T., Awan, T., & Kayani, Z. K. (2021) · Illness, crises, and loss · doi:10.1177/10541373211033962 · Cited by 4
“Perceived benefits exactly comply with this argument as it positively impacts the intentions toward safety behavior (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundHealth Belief Model in Adopting Protective Behaviors Against COVID-19 in Iran
Salavati, S., Shokri, H., Tanomand, A., Soleimani, A., Shiri, M. S., & Rostami, R. (2021) · Health Scope · doi:10.5812/jhealthscope.113581 · Cited by 6
Nazzal, Z. A. S., Mohammad, A., Qub, L., Ali-Masri, H., Abdullah, I., Qasrawi, H., & Maraqa, B. N. (2022) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171221111107 · Cited by 6
Hand Hygiene Predictors in the Staff of Tehran Dentistry Centers Based on the Health Belief Model
Kouhi, R., Sobhani, M. A., Khodakarim, S., Panahi, R., & Ramezankhani, A. (2019) · Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences · doi:10.52547/nkums.11.2.45 · Cited by 6
Moorthy, V., Alagarsamy, S., Mehrolia, S., & Jeevananda, S. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2162935 · Cited by 6
“Some studies have found that an individual’s self-efficacy significantly influences positive health-related behavior (Carpenter, 2010; Gabriel et al., 2019).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEmotional motivators might improve hand hygiene among healthcare workers
McCay, L. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h3968 · Cited by 6
TELL ME Design: Protective Behaviour During an Epidemic
Badham, J., & Gilbert, N. (2015) · Cited by 6
Adopting Self-Medication Prevention Behaviors According to Health Belief Model Constructs
Jaberee, S. R., Aghamolaei, T., Mohseni, S., Eslami, H., & Hassani, L. (2019) · Bimonthly Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences · doi:10.5812/hmj.94791 · Cited by 6
“Perceived barriers advert to an individual’s assessment of the behavior change obstacles (10, 12).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAmeri, A., Keshvardoost, S., & Bahaadinbeigy, K. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22122/ahj.v12i1.254 · Cited by 6
Conner, M. T., Williams, D. M., & Rhodes, R. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.034 · Cited by 6
Predicting Healthy Eating: Conscientiousness versus the Health Belief Model
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, D. O. P., Dumitrescu, C., Iacob, C. I., & Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, D. O. P. (2021) · Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.24913/rjap.23.1.03 · Cited by 6
Treatment of surgical infections with tobramcin.
Stone, H. H., KOLB, L. D., GEHEBER, C. E., & CURRIE, C. A. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Psychosocial Determinants of Lyme Disease Preventive Behavior Among Outdoor Recreationists
Urcuqui-Bustamante, A. M., Perry, K. C., Leahy, J. E., Gardner, A. M., & Sponarski, C. C. (2024) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00139165241277340 · Cited by 5
“Literature that supports the predictive capability of “cues to action” is limited (Carpenter, 2010) and several authors warn about the practical challenges to measure this variable (Abraham & Sheeran, 2005, p. 28).”
InfluentialAgrawal, L., DaSouza, R. O., Mulgund, P., & Chaudhary, P. (2025) · JMIR Cancer · doi:10.2196/67650 · Cited by 5
“Carpenter [52] found that both internal cues, like symptoms, and external cues, such as media messages, significantly increase the likelihood of seeking medical care.”
Perspectives on Airway Protection: A Mixed Methods Investigation in People With Parkinson's Disease
Sevitz, J. S., Rogus‐Pulia, N. M., & Troche, M. S. (2025) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2024_ajslp-24-00353 · Cited by 5
Lok, R., & Law, Y. (2025) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2025.100596 · Cited by 7
Paasch, R., Mau, G., & Korol, O. (2025) · Performance Enhancement & Health · doi:10.1016/j.peh.2025.100392 · Cited by 5
The impact of magnetic resonance imaging anxiety on treatment adherence
Lei, L., Yang, X., Liu, N., Tang, L., He, X., & Huang, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1658226 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, this discovery provides new empirical support for the health belief model, emphasizing that individuals ’ perceptions of health threats and beliefs about treatment ef fi cacy are critical factors in fl uencing health behaviors (73).”
Redefining transition: Self-efficacy in urologic care
Hopson, B. D., Boswell, T., Tong, C. M. C., Tanaka, S. T., Joseph, D. B., Blount, J. P., Wingo, B. C., Ebert, K. M., Fremion, E., Wood, H., et al. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric Urology · doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2026.105920 · Cited by 6
Asian American mental health help-seeking: An Asian value-informed health belief model.
Ahn, L. H., Tran, A. G. T. T., Lam, C. K., & Yoo, H. C. (2024) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/aap0000351 · Cited by 5
Factors affecting Chinese people’s intention to adopt the individual dining style
Huang, J., Jing, C., & Zhao, X. (2022) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-12-2021-1553 · Cited by 5
Experience and Behaviour(s) of Students who use Nyaope Drug at a South African University
Sibusiso, M. L., Setwaba, M., Nel, K. A., & Govender, I. (2022) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/18749445-v15-e221206-2022-94 · Cited by 5
The role of social media messages and content creators in shaping COVID-19 vaccination intentions
Jia, X., Ahn, S., & Morgan, S. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1448884 · Cited by 5
“Individuals ’ perceptions of symptoms (e.g., chest pains, wheezing, etc.) are examples of internal cues to action (25).”
InfluentialBad Feminists? Perceived Self-Discrepancy Predicts Differences in Gender Equality Activism
Conlin, S. E., Heesacker, M., Allan, B. A., & Douglass, R. P. (2017) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-017-9200-2 · Cited by 5
Shokoohi, M., Jamshidimanesh, M., Ranjbar, H., Saffari, M., & Motamed, A. (2020) · HIV & AIDS Review · doi:10.5114/hivar.2020.93437 · Cited by 5
The “Pandemic Effect” on e-Commerce
Bozzi, C., Neves, M., & Mont'Alvão, C. R. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85540-6_67 · Cited by 5
Ju, I., Ohs, J. E., Park, T., & Hinsley, A. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1986885 · Cited by 5
“developed and measured element of the model compared to other major HBM constructs (Carpenter, 2010; Champion & Skinner, 2008; C. L. Jones et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialConner, M. T., & Norman, P. E. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00060-1 · Cited by 13
Fish, J. A., Prichard, I. J., Ettridge, K. A., Grunfeld, E. A., & Wilson, C. J. (2022) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2022.2039042 · Cited by 5
“…and samples suggests that the Theory of Planned Behaviour is a more useful model than the Health Belief Model in predicting health behaviours (Carpenter, 2010; Conner & Norman, 2015), there has been no research directly comparing their predictive validity for men’s help-seeking for cancer…”
Development of health belief in emerging infectious respiratory disease preventive behaviors' scale
Cha, H., & Lee, K. (2022) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12948 · Cited by 5
Thapaliya, R., Leshner, G., Ghimire, P. S., & Bhochhibhoya, A. (2022) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.34172/hpp.2022.47 · Cited by 5
An Integrated Health Belief Model: Predicting Uptake of the First COVID-19 Booster Vaccine
DeBeck, D. P., & Scudder, J. N. (2023) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2023.2204583 · Cited by 5
“More recently, Jones et al. (2015) addressed the HBM research design problems identified by Carpenter (2010) by showing the advantages of going beyond the direct parallel model to consider the interaction of the HBM variables.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMesser, L. H., Bauza, C. E., Miller, K. M., Clements, M. A., DeSalvo, D. J., Sherr, J. L., Weinstock, R. S., Hood, K. K., & Laffel, L. M. (2023) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1155/2023/6906023 · Cited by 6
“This is theoretically supported in both the health belief model [27, 28], for health behavior and the technology acceptance model [16, 17], both of which acknowledge bene fi t/usefulness and burden/ease of use contributing to a person ’ s intention to perform a behavior or use a device.”
Krogsgaard, M., Dreyer, P., & Thomsen, T. (2023) · Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1111/codi.16750 · Cited by 5
“Information may serve as a ‘cue to action’, promote engagement in health-related behaviours and preserve patient autonomy [25, 26, 40].”
BackgroundPrEP on TikTok: benefits, barriers, and possibilities
Schwartz, J., Grimm, J., & Jamison, C. (2023) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824096.2023.2269080 · Cited by 5
“In a meta-analysis of 18 HBM studies involving 2,010 participants, Carpenter (2010) found that benefits and barriers were the consistently strongest predictors of health-related behavior change.”
BackgroundEshun, G., Kyei‐Arthur, F., Abdou, M. S. M., Agyekum, M. W., Sarfo, M., Agbenyeavu, J. K., Addai, S. A., Adjei, J. A., Obeng, N., Turzin, J. K., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20201-9 · Cited by 5
“…behaviour is more likely to happen among people who may think there will be little or no obstacles to adopting behaviours, that it will lower the chance of a negative health outcome, that it will have a significant negative impact on their health, and if they think they are vulnerable to it [34].”
BackgroundCosta, E. C. V., Oliveira, R. M. D. S., & Pereira, M. G. (2015) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2015.1080779 · Cited by 5
“…research on HBM shows that perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy are the strongest predictors of health-related behaviors (Carpenter, 2010; Lin, Somini, & Zemon, 2005) and have an impact on the willingness to accept VCT testing (Vermeer, Bos, Mbwambo, Kaaya, & Schaalma,…”
BackgroundTarkang, E. E. (2014) · Journal of Scientific Research and Reports · doi:10.9734/jsrr/2015/11334 · Cited by 5
Does Identification of Previously Undiagnosed Conditions Change Care‐Seeking Behavior?
Myerson, R. M., Colantonio, L. D., Safford, M. M., & Huang, E. S. (2017) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12644 · Cited by 5
“Our analysis builds on previous investigations of the relationship between health beliefs and health care seeking behaviors and provides several methodological advantages with respect to studying Medicare beneficiaries ( Janz and Becker 1984; Carpenter 2010; Edwards 2013).”
MethodExamining preconception care-related knowledge and attitudes among Chinese immigrants in Canada
Teng, J., & Ahmed, R. (2017) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-10-2015-0039 · Cited by 5
Park, Y., Lee, S. H., Yi, Y. M., Lee, C. Y., & Lee, M. H. (2018) · Research in Community and Public Health Nursing · doi:10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.3.322 · Cited by 5
“This is similar to the results of a meta-analysis study of the health belief model [27], in which perceived susceptibility and perceived severity constituting perceived threat were somewhat less influential in explaining health behaviors except medication adherence.”
ResultWong, V. C. W., Yuen, J. W. M., Su, X., & Yung, J. Y. K. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.86503 · Cited by 5
“The practice of using archived records for talking and reminder purpose consistent with the health belief model which emphasizes beholders’ awareness of threat perception (risk) and positive initiatives (opportunity) is the key to trigger appropriate actions for realizing positive health outcomes [26, 27].”
BackgroundCuevas, C. D. L., Betancort, M., & de León, J. (2020) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2721 · Cited by 5
“…in the 1950s, the health belief model has become the most widely applied psychological health behavior change model used to explain and predict health-related behaviors, such as medication adherence (Carpenter, 2010; Holmes, Hughes, & Morrison, 2014; Kelly, Mamon, & Scott, 1987; Rosenstock, 1974).”
BackgroundPettinico, G., & Debevec, K. (2020) · Health Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07359683.2020.1713579 · Cited by 5
“Related to shared decision making is the health belief model, which remains one of the most widely used theories in health-behavior research (Carpenter, 2010; Rosenstock, 1974).”
MethodAddressing Underserved Populations and Disparities in Behavior Change
Schüz, B., & Hooper, M. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.027 · Cited by 5
Health Information Seeking Behaviour, Risk Communication, and Mobility During COVID-19
Schoenherr, J. R., & Thomson, R. (2020) · IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS) · doi:10.1109/istas50296.2020.9462203 · Cited by 5
Can, F., Ergül‐Topçu, A., & Topçu, G. (2021) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2021.1965938 · Cited by 5
“Similarly, in a meta-analysis study, perceived benefits and barriers were the strongest predictors of behavior, while the perceived susceptibility was the weakest (Carpenter, 2010).”
Vaccine Hesitancy and Support for Employer Vaccine Mandates
Ashwell, D., Cullinane, J., & Croucher, S. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2021.780415 · Cited by 5
“Research has empirically supported the notion that health campaigns have a positive effect on adoption of behaviors (Hyman et al., 1994; Champion et al., 2005; Carpenter, 2010; Jones et al., 2015; Chen and Liu, 2021; Lachlan et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDeng, Y.-M., Wu, H.-W., & Liao, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063744 · Cited by 5
“The HBM-based studies added self-efficacy [17,36] as an additional variable and proved to have better explanatory capability [30].”
BackgroundPromoting users’ smartphone avoidance intention: the role of health beliefs
Hai-ping, Z., Deng, S., Yong, L., Xia, S., Lim, E. T. K., & Tan, C. (2022) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-07-2020-0420 · Cited by 5
Lee, G., & Park, S. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1025638 · Cited by 5
“One meta-analysis result showed that perceived severity and susceptibility are relatively weaker predictors of health behaviors engagement than other HBM constructs and they may only have an indirect effect on health behaviors as described in the extended parallel model (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundOng, Y. X., Kim, H. K., Pelzer, B. O., Tan, Y., Lim, W. P., Chua, A. K. L., & Koh, B. Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1085208 · Cited by 5
“Theoretical frameworks, such as the Health Belief Model (HBM) (Carpenter, 2010) and the RPA Framework (Rimal and Real, 2003), highlight the important roles of risk perception (i.e., perceived vulnerability and perceived severity) and perceived preventive efficacy in predicting preventive behaviors.”
BackgroundYang, J.-Y., Kim, M., & Sohn, A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12010086 · Cited by 5
“This singular relationship with barrier beliefs could be the result of an emphasis on external factors such as policies and education, which diverge from the typical intrinsic motivations associated with health behaviors [42].”
The impact of China’s endowment insurance system on health behavior
Yu, L., & Xia, Z. (2024) · Journal of Chinese Governance · doi:10.1080/23812346.2024.2309597 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Carpenter, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Western Illinois University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carpenter, Christopher J.
- Venue
- Health Communication
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-11-30
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 661-669
- ISSN
- 1041-0236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7027
- OpenAlex
- W2102635611
- Cited by
- 1,604
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 190 · 2020: 164 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Communication (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
- Keywords
- Health Belief Model, health behavior prediction, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, health campaigns, longitudinal prediction
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Models, Psychological, Health Behavior, Health Communication
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
