Cited by 1,604Behavioral Health and InterventionsMedia Influence and HealthHealth and Wellbeing Research

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A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior

Carpenter, Christopher J.·2010·Health Communication

DOI 10.1080/10410236.2010.521906

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Abstract

The Health Belief Model (HBM; Rosenstock, 1966) was constructed to explain which beliefs should be targeted in communication campaigns to cause positive health behaviors. The model specifies that if individuals perceive a negative health outcome to be severe, perceive themselves to be susceptible to it, perceive the benefits to behaviors that reduce the likelihood of that outcome to be high, and perceive the barriers to adopting those behaviors to be low, then the behavior is likely for those individuals. A meta-analysis of 18 studies (2,702 subjects) was conducted to determine whether measures of these beliefs could longitudinally predict behavior. Benefits and barriers were consistently the strongest predictors. The length of time between measurement of the HBM beliefs and behavior, prevention versus treatment behaviors, and drug-taking regimens versus other behaviors were identified as moderators of the HBM variables' predictive power. Based on the weakness of two of the predictors, the continued use of the direct effects version of the HBM is not recommended.

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BackgroundInfluential
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“, Health Belief Model) and are often the focus of interventions [8] [9].”
Background
Latina and Non-Latina Mothers’ Perceived Health Barriers and Benefits and Their Relationship to Children’s Health Behaviors
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“tended to focus on how perceptions of health benefits and barriers have implications for a person’s own health [9, 10].”
Background
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Development of HIV Testing Belief Scale (HTBS) and application of Health Belief Model (HBM) to predict HIV testing intention and behaviour among university students in Ethiopia
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Bridging the Information Gap to Keep Educators Healthy: Health Insurance Awareness and Actions by Private School Employees in NigeriaPreprint
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“…consider themselves vulnerable to the threat (i.e., perceived susceptibility), feel that the recommended behavior is efﬁcacious in reducing the threat (i.e., perceived beneﬁts), and consider the costs or risks of the advised behavior reasonable (i.e., perceived barriers) (Carpenter, 2010).”
Background
Predictive factors of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination series completion: a one-year longitudinal web-based observational study in Japan
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“” Similarly, previous studies have reported that an awareness of the risks associated with the illness and the severity of its consequences may have resulted in behavioral change (36–38).”
BackgroundMethod
Cues to Action and Self-Efficacy in the Health Belief Model: Perceived Risk as Mediating Roles Towards Enhancing Customer Engagement
Adiman, R., Razak, N. A., & van der Wee, N. J. A. (2024) · Information Management and Business Review · doi:10.22610/imbr.v16i4(i).4283 · Cited by 3
“As a result, existing HBM studies are typically focused on the four original variables (Carpenter, 2010).”
Influential
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“These models commonly inform interventions that effectively promote adaptive health behavior initiation and maintenance (Carpenter, 2010; McEachan et al., 2011; Mead & Irish, 2020).”
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Decision-Making About Potentially Non-Beneficial Intensive Care Unit Treatments: Interviews of Family Members from an Academic Public Hospital
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“This pattern is in line with previous research showing that perceived vulnerability is the weakest and most inconsistent predictor among the different HBM constructs [44,88] and extends that observation to household air quality behaviours.”
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“Whereas HBM is widely used in health promotion research (Carpenter 2010), it has been underused in advertising contexts.”
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“Although knowledge and awareness may automatically translate into action; they might also enhance an individual’s perception of susceptibility, which then drives behavioral intentions 16 .”
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“To address these limitations, the present study integrates Conservation of Resources Theory, Self-efficacy Theory, and the Health Behavior Model to explain the potential bidirectional dynamics between PA and SA.”
Influential
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“A meta-analysis (k = 18), which examined longitudinal associations between constructs from the HBM and health behavior, found a near zero effect [13].”
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“In der Vergangenheit haben sich kommunikationsbezogene Faktoren auch für gesundheitliches Handeln als wichtige Einflussgrößen erwiesen (vgl. u. a. Binder et al. 2014; Carpenter 2010; Friemel und Geber 2021; Green et al. 2021; Rosenstock et al. 1988).”
Background
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“By synthesizing the results of 18 empirical articles in relation to the effectiveness of susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barrier, Carpenter (2010) validated the significant role of perceived benefits in predicting health behaviors.”
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“Exercise benefit beliefs consistently emerge as strong predictors of exercise behavior across various theoretical frameworks, despite variations in terminology (see Carpenter, 2010 for a review).”
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“Benefits and barrier constructs, observed less frequently in news media articles, are thought to be the strongest predictors of behavioral change [68].”
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Etesamifard, T., Jouybari, T. A., Etesamifard, F., Mahboubi, M., Aghaei, A., & Ataee, M. (2014) · Journal of Biology and Today s World · doi:10.15412/j.jbtw.01031205 · Cited by 3
Effect of previous utilization and out-of-pocket expenditure on subsequent utilization of a state led public-private partnership scheme “Chiranjeevi Yojana” to promote facility births in Gujarat, India
Yasobant, S., Shewade, H. D., Vora, K. S., Annerstedt, K. S., Isaakidis, P., Dholakia, N. B., & Mavalankar, D. V. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2256-6 · Cited by 3
“Previous experience is known to have a significant effect on the heath belief system of an individual [27]; the same may be applicable to subsequent CY utilization.”
Background

Authors: Carpenter, C. J.
Affiliations: Western Illinois University (US)
Corresponding author: Carpenter, Christopher J.
ORCID: Carpenter, Christopher J.
Venue: Health Communication
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-11-30
Volume: 25
Issue: 8
Pages: 661-669
ISSN: 1041-0236 (ISSN-L)
1532-7027
DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2010.521906
OpenAlex: W2102635611
Cited by: 1,604
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 138 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 190 · 2020: 164 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 2.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Health Communication (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
Keywords: Health Belief Model, health behavior prediction, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, health campaigns, longitudinal prediction
MeSH terms: Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Models, Psychological, Health Behavior, Health Communication

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A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior

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