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A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior
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Abstract
The Health Belief Model (HBM; Rosenstock, 1966) was constructed to explain which beliefs should be targeted in communication campaigns to cause positive health behaviors. The model specifies that if individuals perceive a negative health outcome to be severe, perceive themselves to be susceptible to it, perceive the benefits to behaviors that reduce the likelihood of that outcome to be high, and perceive the barriers to adopting those behaviors to be low, then the behavior is likely for those individuals. A meta-analysis of 18 studies (2,702 subjects) was conducted to determine whether measures of these beliefs could longitudinally predict behavior. Benefits and barriers were consistently the strongest predictors. The length of time between measurement of the HBM beliefs and behavior, prevention versus treatment behaviors, and drug-taking regimens versus other behaviors were identified as moderators of the HBM variables' predictive power. Based on the weakness of two of the predictors, the continued use of the direct effects version of the HBM is not recommended.
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“Research has shown that the HBM constructs are predictive of actual behavior”
From Treatment histories, barriers, and preferences for individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2010
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Cites
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Sangare, M. B., Coulibaly, Y. I., Coulibaly, S. Y., Dolo, H., Diabaté, A. F., Atsou, K. M., Souleymane, A. A., Rissa, Y. A., Moussa, D. W., Abdallah, F. W., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10481-w · Cited by 18
“The questionnaire development was done to get insight about nomads’ access to and use of available health care based on health belief model theory [15].”
BackgroundNutrition Education Programs Aimed at African Mothers of Infant Children: A Systematic Review
Jardí, C., Casanova, B. D., & Arija, V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147709 · Cited by 18
“The constructs are perception of susceptibility, perception of severity, perception of benefits, perception of barriers, modification of variables, action signals and self-efficacy [62].”
BackgroundYang, L., Ji, L., Wang, Q., Xu, Y. J., Yang, G., Cui, T., Shi, N., Zhu, L., Xiu, S., Jin, H., et al. (2022) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/34666 · Cited by 18
“Another framework—the health belief model—is also widely used in behavioral health fields; however, studies [18-20] have shown that the health belief model is more suited to description rather than explanation of health behavior and has weak predictive validity.”
BackgroundFilipinos’ COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy comments in TikTok videos: A manifest content analysis
Berdida, D. J. E., Franco, F. M. C., Santos, X. A. G., Dacol, C. B., Dimaano, M., Rosario, E. S. D., & Lantin, C. C. (2022) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.13143 · Cited by 18
“Specific beliefs heldby individuals, suchas theperceived seriousness and susceptibility of the illness and the advantages andhazards of the vaccine, are related to health behaviors (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundRiccò, M., Corrado, S., Cerviere, M. P., Ranzieri, S., & Marchesi, F. (2023) · Pediatric Reports · doi:10.3390/pediatric15010013 · Cited by 18
Reeves, D., Woodham, A., French, D., Bower, P., Holland, F., Kontopantelis, E., & Cotterill, S. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09195-z · Cited by 17
“In meta-analysis, the factors most associated with take-up of a preventative behaviour were perceptions around benefits and barriers, both practical and psychosocial, with weaker effects for outcome severity and personal vulnerability, though effects varied highly across studies [52].”
BackgroundJo, H., & Baek, E.-M. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17618-z · Cited by 18
“Several scholars have highlighted barriers to adopting preventive behaviors, such as lack of NIHL risk awareness, misconceptions about HPD effectiveness, discomfort, interference with communication, and non-enforcement of laws [65– 67].”
BackgroundPerspectives in the Development of Tools to Assess Vaccine Literacy
Biasio, L. R., Zanobini, P., Lorini, C., & Bonaccorsi, G. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12040422 · Cited by 18
LaBrosse, L. M., & Albrecht, J. A. (2012) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12004 · Cited by 18
Zaleta, A. K., Neff, R. T., McCann, G. A.-L., O’Malley, D. M., & Carpenter, K. M. (2017) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3552-0 · Cited by 18
Why current drug adherence programs fail
Arlt, A. D., Nestoriuc, Y., & Rief, W. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000345 · Cited by 18
Sousa-Leite, M., Figueiredo, B., ter Keurst, A., Boivin, J., & Gameiro, S. (2019) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2019.03.019 · Cited by 19
“In line with previous evidence, women’s decision was also directly predicted by perceived benefitsandbarriers[35].”
ResultExploring Well Water Testing Behaviour Through the Health Belief Model
Munene, A., Lockyer, J., Checkley, S., & Hall, D. C. (2020) · Environmental Health Insights · doi:10.1177/1178630220910143 · Cited by 18
Ruiter, R. A. C., Crutzen, R., de Leeuw, E., & Kok, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.018 · Cited by 20
Grauman, Å., Veldwijk, J., James, S. K., HANSSON, M. G., & Byberg, L. (2021) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvab019 · Cited by 18
Franz, B. A., & Dhanani, L. Y. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-021-00226-w · Cited by 18
“Created by social psychologists in the 1950s, this model has been applied in several disciplines including public health promotion, health communication, and epidemiology (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodBellón, J. Á., Moreno-Peral, P., Moreno‐Küstner, B., Motrico, E., Aiarzagüena, J. M., Fernández, A., Fernández-Alonso, C., Montón-Franco, C., Rodríguez-Bayón, A., Ballesta-Rodríguez, M. I., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092008 · Cited by 18
“The HBM, developed in the 1950s to investigate why people fail to undertake preventive health measures, although critiqued [24], remains one of the most widely employed [25].”
BackgroundHayles, E. H., Cooper, S. C., Sinn, J. K. H., Wood, N., Leask, J., & Skinner, S. R. (2016) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.12429 · Cited by 18
Chang, E., CHOI, S. E., Kwon, I., Araiza, D., Moore, M. R., Trejo, L., & Sarkisian, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/s10823-018-9356-6 · Cited by 18
“meta-analysis found that the HBM constructs perceived benefits and perceived barriers were consistently the strongest predictors for positive health behaviors in longitudinal studies (Carpenter 2010).”
BackgroundThe Black Church and Public Health: A Key Partnership for Theory Driven COVID-19 Recovery Efforts
Brown, N. R., Alick, C. L., Heaston, A., Monestime, S., & Powe, N. (2022) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319221097672 · Cited by 18
Marmamula, S., Yelagondula, V. K., Varada, R., & Khanna, R. (2023) · Expert Review of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/17469899.2023.2281448 · Cited by 17
“Though not commonly used in the domain of eye health, health belief models explain this phenomenon and suggest mechanisms to improve health seeking behavior [39].”
BackgroundNwosu, W. O., Rajani, R., McDonaugh, T., Driscoll, E., & Hughes, L. D. (2022) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1922719 · Cited by 17
Cengi̇z, Z., & Özkan, M. (2021) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2021.06.024 · Cited by 17
Wang, X. (2022) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2022.2078925 · Cited by 17
Rubenstein, D., Denlinger-Apte, R. L., Ross, J. C., & McClernon, F. J. (2023) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntad016 · Cited by 17
Investigation of non-National Immunization Program vaccination intentions in rural areas of China
Wang, X., Fan, Y., & Wang, W. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16390-4 · Cited by 17
“As predicted by the health belief model [22] and other health behavior change theories, rural parents’ non-NIP vaccination intention was influenced by such factors as perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, perceived efficacy, and perceived cost.”
BackgroundMethodWakwoya, E. B., Belachew, T., & Girma, T. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05992-w · Cited by 17
Why or How? the impact of Construal-Level Theory on vaccine message receptivity
Saxton, M. K., Colby, H., Saxton, T., & Pasumarti, V. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114436 · Cited by 20
Young, R., Tully, M., Parris, L. N., Ramirez, M. R., Bolenbaugh, M., & Hernandez, A. M. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108093 · Cited by 19
Wright, E. M., Jessen, L. R., Tompson, A., Rutland, C., Singleton, D. A., Battersby, I. A., Gajanayake, I., Mosher, M., Pfleger, S., Gemmill, T. J., et al. (2024) · JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance · doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlae065 · Cited by 17
Keep Calm and LARC On: A theory-based long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) access campaign
Sundstrom, B. L., Billings, D. L., & Zenger, K. E. (2016) · Journal of Communications In Healthcare · doi:10.1080/17538068.2016.1143165 · Cited by 17
Shirzadi, S., Jafarabadi, M. A., Nadrian, H., & Mahmoodi, H. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 17
Hsieh, H., Chang, W., Shen, C.-T., Liu, Y., Chen, F., & Kang, Y.-T. (2020) · Journal of Cancer Education · doi:10.1007/s13187-020-01711-7 · Cited by 17
Perceived Threat of the Coronavirus and the Role of Trust in Safeguards: A Case Study in Slovakia
Kanovský, M., & Halamová, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554160 · Cited by 17
“Carpenter (2010) demonstrated in a meta-analysis that if people perceive a negative health outcome to be severe and think they are susceptible, they are more inclined to perceive the benefits of behaviors that reduce the likelihood of that outcome.”
BackgroundA One-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study on the Health Profile of Hikikomori Living in Hong Kong
Yuen, J. W. M., Wong, V. C. W., Tam, W., So, K.-W., & Chien, W. T. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16040546 · Cited by 17
“According to the “health belief model”, which places an important emphasis on the awareness of the threat perception (risk) is the key to trigger a series of consequences that lead to the appropriate action, which was effective in predicting the health behaviors [36-37].”
BackgroundEfficacy constructs in media use and effects: organizing and appraising the literature
Skurka, C., Troy, C. L. C., Cui, Z., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2022) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2022.2142150 · Cited by 19
“…of research across multiple disciplines have already established efficacy-related beliefs and efficacy messages as predictors of these outcomes (e.g. Carpenter, 2010; Casey et al., 2009; Pollock, 1983; Sheeran et al., 2016; Tannenbaum et al., 2015; van Zomeren et al., 2008; Witte & Allen, 2000).”
BackgroundMessage Fatigue and COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Uptake in the United States
Zhao, X., Kadono, M., Kranzler, E. C., Pavisic, I., Miles, S., Maher, M., Strausser, L., Cai, X., & Hoffman, L. (2023) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2023.2282036 · Cited by 16
“These findings are consistent with past research demonstrating that perceived benefits and barriers are among the strongest HBM predictors of behavior (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundResultMcCartan, C. J., Yap, J., Best, P., Breedvelt, J., Breslin, G., Firth, J., Tully, M. A., Webb, P., White, C., Gilbody, S. M., et al. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013557.pub2 · Cited by 15
Debnam, K. J., Saha, S., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1455699 · Cited by 16
“Similarly, the Health Belief Model suggests that the perceived susceptibility to associated harms of substance use informs the decision to use that substance (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundChanging Behavior Using Social Identity Processes
Reynolds, K. J., Branscombe, N. R., Subašić, E., & Willis, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.016 · Cited by 21
Acharya, D., Devkota, B., & Kreps, G. L. (2021) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.3377 · Cited by 16
Liu, R., Huang, Y. C., Sun, J., Lau, J., & Cai, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063705 · Cited by 16
“Carpenter’s meta-analysis [29] contended that the mediator/moderator should be involved in the relationship between perceived susceptibility/severity and actual behavior and called for further exploration.”
BackgroundInfluentialHealth Beliefs Describing Patients Enrolling in Community Pharmacy Disease Management Programs
Luder, H. R., Frede, S. M., Kirby, J., King, K. A., & Heaton, P. C. (2015) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/0897190014566311 · Cited by 16
“The Health Belief Model (HBM), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) are effective models for explaining behavior and predicting patient preventative actions such as receiving mammograms, performing testicular self-exams, and receiving immunizations.(18-24) These models successfully pre…”
BackgroundThe Affordable Health Care Act Annual Wellness Visits
Tetuan, T. M., Ohm, R., Herynk, M. H., Ebberts, M., Wendling, T., & Mosier, M. C. (2014) · JONA The Journal of Nursing Administration · doi:10.1097/nna.0000000000000066 · Cited by 16
“The Health Belief Model, which guided this study, has been used extensively to identify predictors of adherence to screening recommendations.(9-11) Individuals adopt health behaviors in relation to their perception of susceptibility and severity of illness, cues to action, and benefits versus barriers to the desired b…”
MethodJung, T., & Brann, M. (2014) · International Journal of Health Promotion and Education · doi:10.1080/14635240.2014.906967 · Cited by 16
“Even though the degrees of variance explained and correlationwith suggested behaviors are weaker than perceived barriers and benefits (Carpenter 2010), the severity and susceptibility of anticipated dangers (costs) associated with a particular behavior are also emphasized in the EPPM and HBMmodels.”
BackgroundMethodBasile, V. T., Newton‐John, T., & Wootton, B. M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23665 · Cited by 15
Li, H., Shi, L., & Xing, Y.-L. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1492472 · Cited by 15
“Against this backdrop, the hypotheses and research model of this study are primarily based on the HBM (11), as shown in Figure 1.”
Factors associated with willingness to complete advance directives in older adults
Kim, E., & Lee, K. S. (2021) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.05.006 · Cited by 15
Cohen, M. W., Rosenfeld, M., & Greenblatt‐Kimron, L. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-021-10023-z · Cited by 17
“The decision to use only two components of the HBM was based on the rationale that these represented the factors most consistently related to screening [5] and in accordance with previous studies that used only some of the HBM components [6–9].”
ResultMueller, S., Diehl, S., Taylor, C. R., Terlutter, R., & Mueller, B. (2022) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2022.2079025 · Cited by 16
“As outlined, another variable incorporated in the HBM is perceived benefits, which has been shown to be one of the strongest predictors of behavioral outcomes (Carpenter 2010).”
BackgroundLei, F., Chen, W., Brecht, M., Zhang, Z., & Lee, E. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.06.005 · Cited by 15
“It originated from psychological science [20], and was developed in the 1950s by Rosenstock, Hochbaum, Kegeles, and Leventhal, four social psychologists at the United States Public Health Service Organization [21].”
BackgroundHu, J., Whyke, T. W., & López-Múgica, J. (2022) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-022-10017-3 · Cited by 15
“As the construct of perceived benefits in the HBM are recognised as the most influential predictors of health behaviours (Carpenter, 2010), it can be inferred that the HPV vaccination has been more widely accepted after the launch of the domestic vaccine.”
BackgroundFactors associated with COVID-19 masking behavior: an application of the Health Belief Model
White, A. J., Maloney, E. K., Boehm, M., Bleakley, A., & Langbaum, J. B. S. (2022) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyac031 · Cited by 15
“This is consistent with prior literature that identified benefits and barriers as the first and second most predictive constructs in the HBM [38, 44], as well as prior COVID-19 research guided by the HBM and meta-analyses of the HBM [20, 49, 50].”
BackgroundResultALBashtawy, M., Gharaibeh, H., Alhalaiqa, F., Batiha, A.-M. M., Freij, M., Saifan, A. R., Al-Awamreh, K., Hamadneh, S., Al‐Kloub, M. I., & Khamaiseh, A. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 15
Effect of tailored dietary guidance for pregnant women on nutritional status: A double‐cohort study
Haruna, M., Shiraishi, M., Matsuzaki, M., Yatsuki, Y., & Yeo, S. (2016) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12391 · Cited by 16
“The dietary intervention in the present study was based on the HBM, which is one of the most widely used health behavior theories in health research (Carpenter, 2010).”
MethodHasan, U. A., Hairon, S. M., Yaacob, N. M., Daud, A., Hamid, A. A., Hassan, N., Ariffin, M. F., & Vun, L. Y. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16183356 · Cited by 15
“Cues to action might activate the readiness to change to safer behavior only if the perceived threats and perceived benefits versus perceived barriers are already high [47,48].”
BackgroundHuang, Y. C., Xiao, W., Fong, I. W.-Y., & Wu, Q. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211061579 · Cited by 16
“In the specific area of health behavior change, both the Health Belief Model (HBM; Carpenter, 2010; Janz & Becker, 1984) and the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA; Schwarzer & Luszczynska, 2008) suggest that an individual tends to judge and balance the pros and cons of certain consequences of accepting recommended…”
BackgroundAn evaluation of a video-based intervention targeting alcohol consumption during aquatic activities
Hamilton, K., Keech, J. J., Willcox‐Pidgeon, S. M., & Peden, A. E. (2022) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2022.2029221 · Cited by 15
“social cognition theories used to predict social and health behaviour, and meta-analytic research has generally supported their predictions (Armitage & Connor, 2001; Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundHarjaningrum, A. T., Kartasasmita, C. B., Orne‐Gliemann, J., Jutand, M., Goujon, N., & Koeck, J. (2013) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.01.007 · Cited by 15
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Utilizing Multi-Theory Model in Determining Intentions to Smoking Cessation Among Smokers
Nahar, V. K., Wilkerson, A. H., Patel, F. C., Kim, R. W., Stephens, P. M., & Sharma, M. (2019) · Tobacco Use Insights · doi:10.1177/1179173x19843524 · Cited by 15
Rat, C., Quereux, G., Monegier du Sorbier, M., Gaultier, A., Bonnaud-Antignac, A., Khammari, A., Dreno, B., & Nguyen, J. M. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.029 · Cited by 14
Patients’ experiences of flexor tendon rehabilitation in relation to adherence: a qualitative study
Svingen, J., Arner, M., & Turesson, C. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2051081 · Cited by 14
“Some suggest injury threat is a predictor of adherence [20], while other research shows no such connection [21].”
BackgroundResultPavlista, V., Angerer, P., Kuske, J., Schwens, C., & Diebig, M. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O · doi:10.1026/0932-4089/a000398 · Cited by 14
Lee, K.-Y., & Jeong, J. Y. (2023) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2022.2158764 · Cited by 14
“The HBM has established fundamental conceptual frameworks for interventions targeting individuals’ health-protective behaviors (Carpenter, 2010) and the TPB is an extended model of theory of reasoned action, predicting human behaviors based on one’s beliefs (Zhao & An, 2021).”
BackgroundSchroeder, T., Kamalakkannan, A., Seaman, K. L., Nguyen, A., Siette, J., Gewald, H., & Georgiou, A. (2024) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2024.105502 · Cited by 14
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Psychosocial Predictors of HBV Screening Behavior among Vietnamese Americans
Lee, M., Zhu, L., Wang, M. Q., Wei, Z., Tan, Y., Nguyen, M. T., Ogunwobi, O. O., & Grace, X. (2017) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.41.5.5 · Cited by 14
Kedde, H., Rehse, K., Nobre, G., & van den Berg, W. (2017) · Sex Education · doi:10.1080/14681811.2017.1417831 · Cited by 14
“Individuals with perceived risk (Green and Murphy 2014) or high susceptibility (Carpenter 2010) are more likely to seek help from a health service provider.”
BackgroundSang, H., Gonzalez-Vallejo, C. C., Zhao, J. H., & Long, R. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13262 · Cited by 15
Wu, D., Rockett, I. R. H., Yang, T., Yang, X. Y., Wang, M., & Jiao, C. (2021) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171211004249 · Cited by 14
“Different from emergency coping behaviors, perceived susceptibility to a disease, rather than its severity, appears to need the most attention regarding the promotion of general response behaviors and sanitization practices.(8,13,14) If the public perceive the regulations and measures taken by the authorities against…”
BackgroundBrown, C. R. H. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108981 · Cited by 15
“Both perceived severity and probability are influential in the motivation to quit or persist with smoking (Kaufman et al., 2020), but both do not always correlate with engagement with all health behaviours (Carpenter, 2010).”
Wang, R., Zhang, Y.-C., Wu, R.-K., Li, B., Li, C.-W., Yu, B.-T., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11597-9 · Cited by 15
Impact of Health Perception and Knowledge on Genetic Testing Decisions Using the Health Belief Model
Elkefi, S., Choudhury, A., Strachna, O., & Asan, O. (2022) · JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics · doi:10.1200/cci.21.00117 · Cited by 14
“Cues to action variables characterize the triggers that stimulate decision making regarding a recommended health action.(17) We consider, in this case, the variable that we created and called TestSource.”
BackgroundAlizade, M., Farshbaf‐Khalili, A., Malakouti, J., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1046_20 · Cited by 14
“Using this model, behavioral change strategies can be designed for FSWs who are at the highest risk for HIV.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWang, W., & Jacobson, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society · doi:10.1108/jices-02-2022-0015 · Cited by 14
Results From a Tailored SMS and Behavior-Tracking Pilot Study on Sun-Safe Behaviors in Young Women
Darlow, S. D., & Heckman, C. J. (2017) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198117699507 · Cited by 14
“The HBM was chosen due its validity in predicting health behaviors and its prior use in developing some skin cancer prevention interventions (Carpenter, 2010; Geller et al., 2006; Glanz et al., 2010).”
MethodPerceived Risk and Intentions to Practice Health Protective Behaviors in a Mining-Impacted Region
Cooper, C. M., Langman, J. B., Sarathchandra, D., Vella, C. A., & Wardropper, C. B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217916 · Cited by 14
“Meta-analyses of empirical HBM studies find that perceived barriers and benefits tend to be the strongest predictor of behavior [34].”
BackgroundWebb, T. L., & de Bruin, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.037 · Cited by 16
Relationships influence health: family theory in health-care research
Garris, B. R., & Weber, A. J. (2018) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12294 · Cited by 20
The role of health promotion theories in Stroke Awareness and Education
Grech, P., & Grech, R. (2021) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151415 · Cited by 13
Kopsco, H. L., & Mather, T. N. (2021) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-021-01041-9 · Cited by 13
“In addition to educational and contextual dialogue, these tools provide specific and practical prevention suggestions that act as the “cues to action” necessary to alter perceptions of susceptibility and severity related to tick bites, overcome perceived barriers to action, and encourage ultimate behavior change beyon…”
BackgroundTheoretical framework of concerns about falling in older people: the role of health literacy
Lim, M. L., van Schooten, K. S., Radford, K. A., Hadjistavropoulos, T., Everett, B., Zijlstra, G. A. R., & Delbaere, K. (2023) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daad122 · Cited by 13
Link, E., & Kahlor, L. A. (2023) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2023.2268912 · Cited by 13
“…risk perception and information avoidance (Deline & Kahlor, 2019), the PRISM postulates that an individual’s evaluation of the risk contributes to affective risk responses (Kahlor, 2007, 2010), which then (serving as a mental shortcut for risk judgments) influences behavioral intent (So, 2013).”
Augeraud‐Véron, E., & Leandri, M. (2024) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4826 · Cited by 13
COVID-19 and influenza vaccine-hesitancy subgroups
Mäki, K. O., Karlsson, L. C., Kaakinen, J. K., Schmid, P., Lewandowsky, S., Antfolk, J., & Soveri, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308159 · Cited by 15
Kim, S. M., Kim, D. S., Jang, Y., Kim, M. K., Yu, E., Han, D. H., & Kim, H. J. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/63989 · Cited by 15
“By incorporating tools that address perceived barriers (eg, educational resource provision) and highlighting the benefits of adherence to treatment and self-care routines, the app was designed to empower patients to take an active role in managing their health [30,31].”
Liu, J., Chen, X., Liu, C., & Han, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1525879 · Cited by 16
“In the field of digital health communication, health information can motivate individuals to adopt health behaviors by enhancing their perception of the severity of disease outcomes (59).”
Predictors of prostate cancer screening intention among older men in Jordan
Abuadas, M. H., Petro‐Nustas, W., Albikawi, Z. F., & Mari, M. (2016) · International Journal of Urological Nursing · doi:10.1111/ijun.12119 · Cited by 13
Appalasamy, J. R., Tha, K. K., Quek, K. F., Ramaiah, S. S., Joseph, J. P., & Zain, A. Z. M. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000010876 · Cited by 13
Intention to Participate in Group Prenatal Care: Moving Beyond Yes or No
Berman, R. L. H., Yorga, K. W., & Sheeder, J. L. (2018) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839918784943 · Cited by 13
“HBM has been applied widely and studied extensively since its introduction, and several systemic review and meta-analyses have reported on its effectiveness in predicting and explaining healthrelated behavior (Carpenter, 2010; Jones, Smith, & Llewellyn, 2014).”
BackgroundKanna, B., Ukudeyeva, A., Faiz, M., Roques, E., Washington, T., Ramirez, L., Shariff, M. A., & Espejo, M. M. S. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08751-0 · Cited by 13
Using the health belief model to predict concussion-reporting intentions and behaviour
Rawlins, M. L. W., Bacon, C. E. W., Tomporowski, P., Gay, J., Bierema, L., & Schmidt, J. D. (2020) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1831069 · Cited by 11
Kim, J., & Kim, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18062791 · Cited by 12
“Previous HBM research [32,33] has shown small to medium effects.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPublic health messages on arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti in Brazil
Clancy, I. L., Jones, R. G., Power, G. M., Logan, J. G., Iriart, J. A. B., Massad, E., & Kinsman, J. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11339-x · Cited by 13
“Nonetheless, it has been identified that, of the six variables, perceived barriers and perceived benefits are the strongest predictors of behaviour [50], and should be targeted in communication campaigns to promote health.”
BackgroundWinarti, E., Wahyuni, C. U., Rias, Y. A., Mirasa, Y. A., Sidabutar, S., & Wardhani, D. L. (2021) · Belitung Nursing Journal · doi:10.33546/bnj.1560 · Cited by 13
“There were the programs that the authorities trusted, activities and information that were offered, and media resources aimed at improving health care (Rosenstock et al., 1988; Carpenter, 2010; Jose et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMesser, L. H., Cook, P. F., Lowe, N. K., Hood, K. K., Driscoll, K. A., & Hernandez, T. L. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2021.11.016 · Cited by 14
Bae, S. Y., Chang, P.-J., & Lee, H.-A.-R. (2021) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2021.1998157 · Cited by 13
“Researchers have attempted to predict human behaviour from a variety of disciplines, such as psychology, marketing, health communication, and tourism (e.g. Carpenter, 2010; Morwitz, 2014).”
BackgroundMoghadam, M. T., Zobeidi, T., Sieber, S., & Löhr, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.787929 · Cited by 13
“Cue to action may be internal (physical symptoms of pain, fever, cough) or external (friends, health care providers, media, and social media) (49).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Carpenter, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Western Illinois University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carpenter, Christopher J.
- Venue
- Health Communication
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-11-30
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 661-669
- ISSN
- 1041-0236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7027
- OpenAlex
- W2102635611
- Cited by
- 1,604
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 190 · 2020: 164 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Communication (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
- Keywords
- Health Belief Model, health behavior prediction, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, health campaigns, longitudinal prediction
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Models, Psychological, Health Behavior, Health Communication
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